Вопрос № 1072227 - Английский язык

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Microwaves
1. Microwaves are a form of radiant energy. Other common forms are radio waves, visible light, infrared heat and electricity. All forms of radiant energy are a part of the electromagnetic spectrum. To distinguish between the forms, they are classified according to the wave length which may vary from miles to thousandths of an inch.
2. Microwaves are located in the non-ionizing portion of the energy spectrum between radio waves and visible light. The first application of microwaves was in radar during World War II. Today microwaves are widely used in communication systems, radar and many other commercial and industrial applications.
3. Significantly large segments of the population are exposed to infrared rays, visible light waves and microwaves every day. One characteristic of microwaves is their ability to bounce or deflect off metal surfaces, a characteristic basic to its use in radar. Another is its thermal or heating effect utilized in microwave cooking.
4. The difference between microwave energy and other forms of ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, Alpha, Beta and Gamma rays, is that microwave energy is non-ionizing. In other words, it does not alter the molecular structure of the item being heated. The effects of microwave energy are strictly thermal and do not cause cellular change as with ionizing radiation.
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Like X-rays, Alpha, Beta and Gamma rays microwaves …

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The discovery of X-rays in 1895 by the Prussian physicist Wilhelm Rontgen saw the beginning of a new age of physics. Thinking that the rays were unrelated to light and being uncertain of their nature, he called them X-rays. Rontgen discovered that when X-rays were directed through the body of a living person, the bones cast shadows on a photographic plate placed behind the body. X-rays are now also used in concentrated doses to treat cancer. Rontgen was the first person to be awarded the Nobel Prize for physics, which he received in 1901. The name Rontgen is now given to a unit of radiation, either X-rays or gamma rays.

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The French chemist Antoine Lavoisier is regarded as the father of modern chemistry. He is remembered particularly for his work on gases, gunpowder, and combustion. He discovered and named both oxygen and hydrogen, observing that these two gases combine to produce water. This led him to describe elements and compounds, giving many the names by which they are known today. Lavoisier and his wife Marie were meticulous scientists who produced some important manuals describing scientific experiments. In the aftermatch of the French Revolution, Lavoisier was executed by revolutionaries.
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The French chemist Antoine Lavoisier discovered and named …

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The American inventor Thomas Edison lived and worked in the United States all his life. He was the most productive inventor ever. During his lifetime, he patented 1,093 different inventions, including the incandescent electric lamp, the motion-picture projector, and the phonograph. He also set up the first industrial research laboratory. Edison had a slow start in life. He was expelled from school because people did not realize that he was deaf, thinking instead that he was unable to learn. His mother taught him at home, where he had built his own laboratory by the time he was 10 years old.
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Thomas Edison was expelled from school because people did not realize that he was …

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Any measurements – for example, of temperature, distance, time or weight – are based on units. A unit is a fixed quantity. In ancient times, body parts were used to measure length. The Greeks used the finger as a basic unit of length, with 16 fingers equaling one foot. Measurement of weight was originally based on how much a man could lift. These imprecise measurements developed into a system of common units.
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In ancient times, body parts were used to measure …

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In the 4-th century BC in Greece, there were only a few schools, and none taught science. It was left to philosophers to come up with logical explanations of the world. Aristotle studied under the famous philosopher Plato, who regarded thought or the idea as the basis of all knowledge. Aristotle later decided that theories about the world must be based on the close study and classification of nature. Aristotle catalogued the known species of animals and plants, believing they were made of four elements: earth, water, fire, and air. He also believed that a fifth element, ether, surrounded the Earth.
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Aristotle studied under the famous philosopher Plato, who regarded thought or the idea as the basis of …