Вопрос № 884723 - Английский язык

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Evolution
1. A central organizing concept in biology is that life changes and develops through evolution, and that all life-forms known have a common origin. Introduced into the scientific lexicon by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck in 1809, Charles Darwin established evolution fifty years later as a viable theory by articulating its driving force: natural selection. Evolution is now used to explain the great variations of life found on Earth.
Darwin theorized that species and breeds developed through the processes of natural selection and artificial selection or selective breeding.
2. The evolutionary history of the species – which describes the characteristics of the various species from which it descended – together with its genealogical relationship to every other species is known as its phylogeny. Widely varied approaches to biology generate information about phylogeny. These include the comparisons of DNA sequences conducted within molecular biology or genomics, and comparisons of fossils or other records of ancient organisms in paleontology.
3. The theory of evolution postulates that all organisms on the Earth, both living and extinct, have descended from a common ancestor or an ancestral gene pool. This last universal common ancestor of all organisms is believed to have appeared about 3.5 billion years ago.
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What is the essence of the evolution theory?

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Evolution
1. A central organizing concept in biology is that life changes and develops through evolution, and that all life-forms known have a common origin. Introduced into the scientific lexicon by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck in 1809, Charles Darwin established evolution fifty years later as a viable theory by articulating its driving force: natural selection. Evolution is now used to explain the great variations of life found on Earth.
Darwin theorized that species and breeds developed through the processes of natural selection and artificial selection or selective breeding.
2. The evolutionary history of the species – which describes the characteristics of the various species from which it descended – together with its genealogical relationship to every other species is known as its phylogeny. Widely varied approaches to biology generate information about phylogeny. These include the comparisons of DNA sequences conducted within molecular biology or genomics, and comparisons of fossils or other records of ancient organisms in paleontology.
3. The theory of evolution postulates that all organisms on the Earth, both living and extinct, have descended from a common ancestor or an ancestral gene pool. This last universal common ancestor of all organisms is believed to have appeared about 3.5 billion years ago.
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Agroforestry
1. Agroforestry is an integrated approach of using the interactive benefits from combining trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock. It combines agricultural and forestry technologies to create more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy land-use systems.
2. In agroforestry systems, trees or shrubs are intentionally used within agricultural systems, or non-timber forest products are cultured in forest settings. Knowledge, careful selection of species and good management of trees and crops are needed to optimize the production and positive effects within the system and to minimize negative competitive effects.
3. Agroforestry systems can be advantageous over conventional agricultural and forest production methods through increased productivity, economic benefits, social outcomes and the ecological goods and services provided. Biodiversity in agroforestry systems is typically higher than in conventional agricultural systems. Agroforestry incorporates at least several plant species into a given land area and creates a more complex habitat that can support a wider variety of birds, insects, and other animals. Agroforestry also has the potential to help reduce climate change since trees take up and store carbon at a faster rate than crop.
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What purpose was agroforestry created for?

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History of agricultural science
1. Agricultural science began with Gregor Mendel's genetic work, but in modern terms might be better dated from the chemical fertilizer outputs of plant physiological understanding in eighteenth century Germany. In the United States, a scientific revolution in agriculture began with the Hatch Act of 1887, which used the term «agricultural science». The Hatch Act was driven by farmers' interest in knowing the constituents of early artificial fertilizer. The Smith-Hughes Act of 1917 shifted agricultural education back to its vocational roots, but the scientific foundation had been built.
2. Agronomy and the related disciplines of agricultural science today are very different from what they were before about 1950. Intensification of agriculture since the 1960s in developed and developing countries, often referred to as the Green Revolution, was closely tied to progress made in selecting and improving crops and animals for high productivity, as well as to developing additional inputs such as artificial fertilizers and phytosanitary products.
3. However, environmental damage due to intensive agriculture, industrial development, and population growth has raised many questions among agronomists and has led to the development and emergence of new fields. New technologies, such as biotechnology and computer science, and technological advances have made it possible to develop new research fields, including genetic engineering, improved statistical analysis, and precision farming.
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Electricity
1. Electricity is a flow of negative charges called electrons. These electric charges are measured in units called coulombs. Electricity is a very versatile form of energy that can be converted into many other forms of energy, including light and heat, direct current (DC), which flows in one direction only, and alternating current (AC), which changes direction 60 times per second.
2. An electric circuit is an unbroken conducting path from, and back to, a power supply. It has three main parts: the power supply, the conductor, and the load. The power is provided by a generator or battery, the conductor carries the current, and the load is an electric device such as a lamp.
3. Unlike current electricity, static electricity does not flow. It is created when an electrically neutral substance loses or gains electrons, making it, respectively, positively or negatively charged. You can create static electricity by rubbing a balloon on your clothing. Electrons will move from the clothing to the balloon, making the balloon negatively charged and the clothing positively charged. The resulting static electricity on each will attract small, light objects such as pieces of paper.
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Electromagnetism
1. Electricity and magnetism combine to form one of the fundamental forces of the universe – electromagnetism. The two constantly interact, and the relationship between them is one of the most important in physics. For example, an electric current passing through a wire creates a magnetic field; and if the lines of force around a magnet are cut by a passing object, an electric current will be produced.
2. Magnets are attracted to iron and to any material that contains iron. Magnets have two poles, a north pole and a south pole. Unmagnetized iron and steel have magnetic regions of atoms called domains that are jumbled up and point in lots of different directions. When iron or steel becomes magnetized, the domains become aligned and they all point in the same direction. One end of each domain points toward the magnetic north pole.
3. Electronics is a new branch of physics, and one that plays an increasingly important part in our lives. It is concerned with the use of electricity to produce signals that carry information and control devices such as computers. These devices contain electric circuits through which electric current flows. The controlling parts in a circuit are called components, and these include diodes and transistors. Components can amplify currents, switch them on and off, or change their direction.
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