Вопрос № 223097 - Английский язык

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The range of radio 1______________ in space is extending more and more. There is every reason to believe that radio links may be set over 2________________ of 100 million kilometers or even more.
Now we cannot imagine our life without electronics.
But it all began with the 3_______________ of radio. It was our Russian scientist A.S. Popov who discovered the principles of 4________________ communication that finally led to the development of electronic tubes for use in various communication devices.

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The realm of 1 ______________ of to-day influences almost, every aspect of human activity, while it was only in the beginning of our century that the 2______________ idea, which was 3______________ into one of the most astonishing sciences of our time, was conceived. It was our Russian scientist A. S. Popov, who discovered the principle of wireless 4______________ that finally led to the development of electronic tubes for use in various communication devices.

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1______________ is the technology of constructing electronic circuits and devices in extremely small packages by various techniques. This 2_______________ is also referred to as microminiaturization.
The increasing complexity of electronic systems over the past 30 years has made the evolution of microelectronics inevitable. During this 3_______________, the electron tubes in the early electronic systems have been replaced by solid-state discrete devices and integrated circuitry; and these, in turn, 4_____________ way to medium- and large-scale integrated circuitry.

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Microelectronics today encompasses thin-film, 1________________, hybrid, and integrated circuit technology. These approaches (and combinations of them) are being applied in 2____________ branch of electronics.
Integrated circuits that combine all the 3__________________ of a complete electronic circuit on a single chip of silicon can be produced. The implications of this in the microelectronic evolution are easily 4_______________. Let us compare a conventional J/K flip-flop circuit incorporating solid-state discrete devices and the same type of circuit employing integrated circuitry.

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The conventional circuit would require approximately 40 separate discrete 1___________, 200 connections, 40 hermetic seals, and 300 separate processing operations with each operation, seal, and connection representing a possible source of failure. However, if all the elements of this circuit are integrated upon one chip of silicon, the 2_____________ of connection drops to about 14. All circuit elements are interconnected inside the package by a process 3_______________ as vapour metallization; instead of 40 hermetic seals there is one, and the three 4_______________ processing operations are reduced to approximately 30.

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Electronics is one of the main 1_____________, which forms the 2_______________ basis for using these new methods. Electronics studies the problems connected with the application of instruments and 3_____________, the action of which is based on the utilization of various phenomena that result from the movement of 4______________ through vacuum, gases and solid bodies.