Вопрос № 999556 - Английский язык

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                                                          Sсhool psychology
1. School psychologists deal largely with psychological testing and student consultation in elementary and secondary schools. Psychological testing is the systematic use of tests to quantify psychological behaviour, abilities, and problems and to make predictions about psychological performance. Tests fall into three general categories.
2. An aptitude test is to measure one’s level of intelligence. An intelligence quotient (IQ) test is a good example of this type. By measuring an individual’s IQ, the test-giver hopes to predict the subject’s future ability to learn and reason. A second category is the achievement test, which assesses the subject’s present level of academic or intellectual accomplishment. Tests of personality form the third general category. A personality test is to reveal a person’s moods, attitudes, opinions, motivations, and style of thinking, speaking, and acting. Personality tests are used by mental health clinics and psychiatric to help diagnose mental disorders.
3. Counseling is the process of helping a student discover and develop his educational, vocational, and psychological potentialities and thereby to achieve an optimal level of personal happiness and social usefulness. The counselor`s goal is generally to orient the student toward opportunities that can best guarantee fulfillment of his personal needs and aspirations. The counselor usually attempts to clarify the student`s own thinking rather than to solve his problems.
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Psychologists measure students’ progress level by …

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Sсhool psychology
1. School psychologists deal largely with psychological testing and student consultation in elementary and secondary schools. Psychological testing is the systematic use of tests to quantify psychological behaviour, abilities, and problems and to make predictions about psychological performance. Tests fall into three general categories.
2. An aptitude test is to measure one’s level of intelligence. An intelligence quotient (IQ) test is a good example of this type. By measuring an individual’s IQ, the test-giver hopes to predict the subject’s future ability to learn and reason. A second category is the achievement test, which assesses the subject’s present level of academic or intellectual accomplishment. Tests of personality form the third general category. A personality test is to reveal a person’s moods, attitudes, opinions, motivations, and style of thinking, speaking, and acting. Personality tests are used by mental health clinics and psychiatric to help diagnose mental disorders.
3. Counseling is the process of helping a student discover and develop his educational, vocational, and psychological potentialities and thereby to achieve an optimal level of personal happiness and social usefulness. The counselor`s goal is generally to orient the student toward opportunities that can best guarantee fulfillment of his personal needs and aspirations. The counselor usually attempts to clarify the student`s own thinking rather than to solve his problems.
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Psychologists measure students’ progress level by …

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The education of children with learning disabilities
1. A learning disability is a mental problem that children may have from birth, or that may be caused by illness or injury, that affects their ability to read, write, or calculate. Though its causes and nature are still not fully understood, it is widely agreed that the presence of a learning disability does not indicate subnormal intelligence. Rather it is thought that the learning-disabled have a neurologically based difficulty in processing language or figures.
2. Learning disabilities may be diagnosed through testing, and children may be enrolled in programs offering special help. Left unrecognized, learning disabilities may result not only in poor classroom performance but also in low self-esteem and disruptive behaviour. Normal intelligence, low self-esteem and disruptive behaviour indicate that a learning disability is not only a mental problem but also a social problem.
3. A child’s disruptive behaviour or low self-esteem can be cured not only by personal psychiatrists but also by proper social environments in the class created by the teacher. Neurology as the scientific study of nerves and their diseases in addition to social adjustments are to help the learning-disabled to overcome their learning disabilities. Children with learning disabilities require highly specialized techniques, usually on an individual basis.
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How is it possible to determine a child with a learning disability?

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The education of maladjusted children
1. Maladjusted children are those who are unable to form good relationships with other children because of problems in their character and behaviour. Socially and emotionally maladjusted children are referred for special programs by parents or by teachers when they find it difficult to manage the child at home or in school.
2. Autistic children make a separate part of maladjusted children. Autism is a severe mental illness that affects children and prevents them from communicating with other children or people. Psychiatrists together with social workers and teachers, determine the eligibility of maladjusted and autistic children for special programs. Children with learning disabilities are assessed by psychoeducational diagnosticians, who through educational and psychological diagnostic tests determine the child’s potential for learning and his level of achievement.
3. Psychotherapy and behaviour modification by psychologists, psychiatrists and social workers are generally a part of mental illness, for example depression, by talking to maladjusted children and discussing their problems rather than using drugs or medical treatment. Behaviour modification means the control of behaviour in which desired behaviours are rewarded, and vice versa, undesirable ones are punished. Behaviour modification helps teachers shape individual behaviour toward some desired effect and control behaviour in classrooms.
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What psychological technique can be used by teachers in classroom environments for students’ behaviour correction?

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The education of children with learning disabilities
1. A learning disability is a mental problem that children may have from birth, or that may be caused by illness or injury, that affects their ability to read, write, or calculate. Though its causes and nature are still not fully understood, it is widely agreed that the presence of a learning disability does not indicate subnormal intelligence. Rather it is thought that the learning-disabled have a neurologically based difficulty in processing language or figures.
2. Learning disabilities may be diagnosed through testing, and children may be enrolled in programs offering special help. Left unrecognized, learning disabilities may result not only in poor classroom performance but also in low self-esteem and disruptive behaviour. Normal intelligence, low self-esteem and disruptive behaviour indicate that a learning disability is not only a mental problem but also a social problem.
3. A child’s disruptive behaviour or low self-esteem can be cured not only by personal psychiatrists but also by proper social environments in the class created by the teacher. Neurology as the scientific study of nerves and their diseases in addition to social adjustments are to help the learning-disabled to overcome their learning disabilities. Children with learning disabilities require highly specialized techniques, usually on an individual basis.
Определите основную идею текста.

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
The education of maladjusted children
1. Maladjusted children are those who are unable to form good relationships with other children because of problems in their character and behaviour. Socially and emotionally maladjusted children are referred for special programs by parents or by teachers when they find it difficult to manage the child at home or in school.
2. Autistic children make a separate part of maladjusted children. Autism is a severe mental illness that affects children and prevents them from communicating with other children or people. Psychiatrists together with social workers and teachers, determine the eligibility of maladjusted and autistic children for special programs. Children with learning disabilities are assessed by psychoeducational diagnosticians, who through educational and psychological diagnostic tests determine the child’s potential for learning and his level of achievement.
3. Psychotherapy and behaviour modification by psychologists, psychiatrists and social workers are generally a part of mental illness, for example depression, by talking to maladjusted children and discussing their problems rather than using drugs or medical treatment. Behaviour modification means the control of behaviour in which desired behaviours are rewarded, and vice versa, undesirable ones are punished. Behaviour modification helps teachers shape individual behaviour toward some desired effect and control behaviour in classrooms.
Определите основную идею текста.