Вопрос № 932985 - Английский язык

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Egyptian Pyramids
1. There have been many different styles or kinds of architecture in the past and there are many different styles today in different parts of the world. The oldest monuments which are met within architecture are the colossal pyramids of Egypt most of which were constructed about 6,000 years ago.
2. The pyramids are large triangular buildings which were placed over the tombs of Egyptian kings. The best known of the pyramids are a group of three built at Giza south of Cairo. The largest of these is 482 feet high. They tell us of the advanced civilization of ancient Egypt which is much spoken about even in our days. It was a country which had expert mathematicians and engineers where astronomy and philosophy were known and studied. The country was rich in hard and durable stone, but poor in timber and metal, so the main material used for construction was granite, and this was the reason for the durability of the pyramids.
3. Large blocks of stone were transported over long distances by land and water, and placed into position with the help of the most primitive equipment. That was done by slaves working for thirty or forty years. All this great amount of work was done, masses of material and a large territory sometimes of about 52,000 square meters were used, only for protecting the body of a dead king and constructing a dwelling place for his happy life in the «other world».
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Why did Egyptian architects use mainly granite for the construction of the pyramids?

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In ancient Russia 1_______ flourished for the first time in Kiev Russ. Unfortunately only a few of the church buildings of that period have remained, among them the famous Cathedral of St Sophia, the 2_______ of which was laid in 1037 to commemorate the victory over the Pechenegs. The churches of that time were strong 3_______ with thick walls and small windows. They often had to serve as 4_______ against enemy invasions. During the Second World War the finest ancient architectural monuments were destroyed and great effort has gone into restoring them.

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In ancient Russia 1_______ flourished for the first time in Kiev Russ. Unfortunately only a few of the church buildings of that period have remained, among them the famous Cathedral of St Sophia, the 2_______ of which was laid in 1037 to commemorate the victory over the Pechenegs. The churches of that time were strong 3_______ with thick walls and small windows. They often had to serve as 4_______ against enemy invasions. During the Second World War the finest ancient architectural monuments were destroyed and great effort has gone into restoring them.

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When the Ice Age had passed, Europe remained very cold, at least in winter, and so the people of the Old Stone Age had to find some warm and dry 1_______ to shelter from bad weather. They chose caves, dwelling places that storm and cold could not destroy. On the 2_______ of their caves ancient people painted pictures. Such decorated caves are found in Europe, Asia and Africa.
When man began 3_______ a home for himself, caves were imitated in stone structures, trees were taken as a model for huts built of branches, skins were raised on poles and formed tents.
Primitive stone structures, huts and tents are the earliest types of human dwellings, they are lost in the prehistoric past but serve as prototypes for 4_______ of later historic times.

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In the days of early civilization, once men had learnt how to build simple 1_______ for their families, they began to feel a need to have a number of different kinds of houses in one place. At first the difference was mainly in 2_______ – the chief or leader had a larger hut or tent than the rest of the people. Much later, when men began to build towns, there grew up a difference between town houses and country houses. The streets in towns were very 3_______ and there was not much place for building within the town walls, and therefore houses had to be built higher than they were in the country. A typical town house 4_______ of a shop opening on the street where the man did his work or sold his goods, with a kitchen behind and a bedroom above.

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What has mankind always realized?
Mankind has always realized that buildings to be complete must have not only “convenience” and “strength”, but also “beauty”. Some people think that architecture is not a fine art at all. For such people the world of fine arts is something entirely set apart from ordinary living and that its single purpose should be satisfying of physical necessities. At the same time architecture is a matter of pictures or sculpture, poems or music. The architect has the task of being an artist as well as an inventive engineer.