Вопрос № 912199 - Английский язык

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Civil courts
1. In England, simple civil actions, for example family matters such as undefended divorce, are normally heard in either the Magistrates’ Courts or the County Courts.
There's no jury in a Magistrates' Court. Family cases may go оn appeal from the Magistrates' Court to the County Courts. The County Court also hears complex first instance civil cases, such as contract disputes, compensation claims, consumer complaints about faulty goods or services, and bankruptcy cases. Juries are now rare in civil actions, so normally the judge considers both law and fact.
2. More complex civil cases, such as the administration of estates and actions for the recovery of land, are heard in the High Court of Justice, which is divided into three divisions: Family, Chancery and Queen's Bench. From the High Court cases may go on appeal to the civil division of the Court of Appeal, which can reverse or uphold a decision of the lower courts. Its decisions bind all the lower civil courts. Civil cases may leapfrog from the High Court to the House of Lords, bypassing the Court of Appeal, when points of law of general public importance are involved.
3. Decisions of the House of Lords arc binding on all other courts but not necessarily on itself. The court of the House of Lords consists of twelve life peers appointed from judges and barristers. The quorum, or minimum number, of law lords for an appeal hearing is normally three, but generally there is a sitting of five judges.
Ответьте на вопрос:
What do first instance civil cases include?

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Civil courts
1. In England, simple civil actions, for example family matters such as undefended divorce, are normally heard in either the Magistrates’ Courts or the County Courts.
There's no jury in a Magistrates' Court. Family cases may go оn appeal from the Magistrates' Court to the County Courts. The County Court also hears complex first instance civil cases, such as contract disputes, compensation claims, consumer complaints about faulty goods or services, and bankruptcy cases. Juries are now rare in civil actions, so normally the judge considers both law and fact.
2. More complex civil cases, such as the administration of estates and actions for the recovery of land, are heard in the High Court of Justice, which is divided into three divisions: Family, Chancery and Queen's Bench. From the High Court cases may go on appeal to the civil division of the Court of Appeal, which can reverse or uphold a decision of the lower courts. Its decisions bind all the lower civil courts. Civil cases may leapfrog from the High Court to the House of Lords, bypassing the Court of Appeal, when points of law of general public importance are involved.
3. Decisions of the House of Lords arc binding on all other courts but not necessarily on itself. The court of the House of Lords consists of twelve life peers appointed from judges and barristers. The quorum, or minimum number, of law lords for an appeal hearing is normally three, but generally there is a sitting of five judges.
Основной идеей текста является …

Прочитайте текст.
Attorneys are usually present in all but the most minor civil cases. Their participation is marked by specialization: lawyers generally concentrate in a few areas of the law, so work in most areas is handled chiefly by specialists and quasispecialists. But in a few common and nontechnical areas, such as estates, many lawyers who are not specialists take occasional cases.
Some areas of law handled in civil courts resemble criminal law in the sense that a particular lawyer always represents only one of the two types of parties that contend in court.
Закончите предложение:
In a few common and nontechnical areas many lawyers who are not specialists take …

Дополните диалог:
John Cartwright: John Cartwright.
Victor Klimenko: Hello, John. This is Victor Klimenko, from Kiev.
John Cartwright: Hello, Victor. Any problems?
Victor Klimenko: Yes. 1_______?
John Cartwright: Yes, we did.
Victor Klimenko: I’d like to know your reaction to it.
John Cartwright: 2_______, Victor. You’re perfectly correct as to the 3_______. Items 2.5 and 2.6 lacked in the consignment of equipment we sent you. It was overlooked by our controller. We apologize for the oversight. It won’t happen again.
Victor Klimenko: When will you send us these parts?
John Cartwright: This week. By air. We’ll also send you some documents to facilitate customs clearance at your end.
Victor Klimenko: Fine. But what about the packaging? The cover of one of the containers was badly damaged. The equipment in this container was damaged a little too.
John Cartwright: It wasn’t our fault, Victor. The equipment was packed in the required way. You should take this up with the captain of the ship.
Victor Klimenko: We’ve already done it, John. He believes that your packing is to blame.
John Cartwright: I must disagree totally with him. Perhaps you should have been firmer in dealing with him.
Victor Klimenko: Let’s come back to this matter in a couple of days, John. I’ll try to discuss it with the shipowners. But there is one more problem: 4_______. We suffered some losses through this delay. I’d like to remind you that according to the sanctions clause of our contract we have the right to claim compensation.
John Cartwright: I’m afraid you haven’t that right, Victor. This delay was caused by a strike in the Brighton port. We consider this strike to be a force majeure circumstance that had a direct effect on the execution of our liabilities. We did our best to meet the deadline.
Victor Klimenko: I don’t agree, John. English ports are often hit by strikes. You were able to foresee this complication. Moreover, to meet the deadline you could have delivered the equipment to other port.
John Cartwright: We couldn’t have done it owing to circumstances outside our control.
Victor Klimenko: If we don’t reach mutual understanding, our company will have to go through arbitration procedures.
John Cartwright: There’s no need to get aggressive, Victor. There will be a meeting of our top executives at 11 o’clock where your claim will be on the agenda. I’ll try to settle it and ring you back after the meeting.
Victor Klimenko: All right. I’m waiting for your call, John.
John Cartwright: Bye, Victor.

Дополните диалог:
Mr. Rogers: The next point on the agenda is 1_______. Could you bring us to date on this problem, John?
John Cartwright: Yes. There was 2_______. They want us to pay 3_______.
Mr. Rogers: I don’t think that their claim is well-grounded. The delay was caused by that strike at the port. They won’t win if they refer their claim to arbitration. I think we should reject this claim.
John Cartwright: I’m not sure about that. I’ve just spoken to Mr. Klimenko, the Commercial Director of the company. He’s ignored all my remarks. They’re ready 4_______ to show that they’re serious.
Mr. Rogers: If they do that, we’ll have to get our lawyers in.
John Cartwright: I don’t think it’s a good idea, Mr. Rogers. They are going to place a large order with us next year. If we decline their claim, we may lose this order.
Mr. Rogers: How much do they want us to compensate for the delay?
John Cartwright: Approximately 10,000 pounds.
Mr. Rogers: Perhaps we shall offer them half the sum.
John Cartwright: That’s a good idea. I’ll try to settle it with Mr Klimenko.
Mr. Rogers: Yes. But if they disagree, we’ll have to reject their claim … And negotiate a longer delivery time with them next year.

Выберите правильную ответную фразу.
You are introduced to someone. What do you say?