Вопрос № 223999 - Английский язык

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The price at which one currency exchanges for another is called foreign exchange rate.
In the UK there are three possible foreign exchange rate regimes. They are:
– Fixed exchange rate
– Flexible (or floating) exchange rate
– Managed exchange rate
Under a fixed exchange rate regime, the value of the pound would be pegged by the Bank of England. Under a flexible exchange rate regime, the value of the pound would be determined by market forces with no intervention by the Bank of England. Under a managed exchange rate regime, the Bank of England would intervene in the foreign exchange market to smooth out fluctuations in the value of the pound but it would not seek to maintain the pound at an absolutely constant value for a long period of time.

Imports must be paid for in a currency that is acceptable to the seller. In order to facilitate these transactions, there is a market for the currencies of all trading nations. The selling price of one nation’s currency in terms of the currencies of other nations is known as its “exchange rate”. Exchange rates fluctuate in accordance with the laws of supply and demand.
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Countries export some products and import others because sometimes it is cheaper to buy than to produce. There is warm climate and much vegetation in Australia. This is very good for sheep-breeding, and Australia exports much high-quality wool. Taiwan has many skilled technicians and so it produces radios, television sets and other electronic products for export. Canada’s climate is good for wheat, and Argentina is a low-cost producer of meat. Canada ships its wheat to Argentina and Argentina sells its meat to Canada. Both countries profit by these import-export transactions. Very few countries do not take part in international business.

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Companies that want greater control over their product have to manufacture it at home and then export it to the foreign countries. In this case exporters must examine the market. Some firms can sell their products to an export\import merchant, who takes all the selling risks. In other cases the company may use an export\import agent who sells the products to wholesalers or retailers in the foreign country. Sometimes the exporter may set up its own sales offices and branches abroad. This is more expensive and only large firms can afford it.

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To go international a large firm can set up a joint venture with a company in another country. In this case two companies pool their resources to design, manufacture and sell the product. Both firms profit by the results of this arrangement. They also share responsibility. One of the firms provides the necessary funds and know-how for producing goods. In return it gets a foothold in the foreign market. The other firm obtains financial aid and technical assistance. And it takes responsibility for handling red tape and organizing sales in the local market.

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The government imposes special taxes or duties on imported goods. These are tariffs. Tariffs discourage imports because they make foreign goods more expensive. There are revenue tariffs that generate tax revenues and protective tariffs that protect home manufacturers. The purpose of the revenue tariffs is to raise money, and therefore these tariffs are rather low. The protective tariffs are much higher.