Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения. A computer is a machine ...: ответ на тест 1105208 - Английский язык

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A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to the list of instructions. Although mechanical examples of computers have existed throughout the history, the first computers, resembling a modern computer, were developed in the mid – 20th century (1940–1945). The first electronic computers were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers.

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Modern computers based on tiny integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into a wristwatch, and can be powered by a watch battery. Personal computer in their various forms are icons of the Information Age, what most people think of as a “computer”, but the embedded computers found in devices ranging from fighter aircrafts to industrial robots, digital cameras, and children’s toys are the most numerous.

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The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators. The Church-Turing thesis is: any computer with a certain minimum capability is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore, computers ranging from a personal digital assistant to a supercomputer are all able to perform the same computational tasks, given enough time and storage capacity.

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Modern computers based on tiny integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into a wristwatch, and can be powered by a watch battery. Personal computer in their various forms are icons of the Information Age, what most people think of as a “computer”, but the embedded computers found in devices ranging from fighter aircrafts to industrial robots, digital cameras, and children’s toys are the most numerous.

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Computer software, or just software is a general term used to describe a collection of computer programmes, procedures and documentation that perform some tasks on the computer system.
1_______. At the lowest level, software consists of a machine language specific to an individual processor. 2_______. Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence. It is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language). 3_______. The term “software” was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1958. 4_______.

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Computer software has to be “loaded” into the computer storage (as memory, or RAM). 1_______. This involves passing instructions from the application software, through the system software, to the hardware which ultimately receives the instruction as a machine code. 2_______.
Sometimes data movement involves moving data between memory and registers, which enable high-speed data access in the CPU. 3_______. So, this is sometimes avoided by using “pointers” to data instead. Computations include simple operations such as incrementing the value of a variable data element. 4_______.