Вопрос № 867097 - Английский язык

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There are about two hundred district judges in the USA. Cases tried in the district court may be appealed in one of the eleven Courts of Appeal and in the Supreme Court. The decision of the Supreme Court is final. In the US the judiciary is divided into the federal and state judiciary. Jurisdiction of particular courts or judges is determined by either the national or state constitutions and laws. The state courts are organized in a system that looks like the system of Federal Courts with a Supreme Court at the top. In most of the states the lowest courts are the magistrates, or police courts.
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In the US the judiciary is divided into …

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The Courts of Appeals were organized to relieve the Supreme Court of pressure resulting from accumulation of appellate cases. In general these courts have final jurisdiction over the great mass of litigation not involving constitutional questions. For example, parties from different states have their case heard in a high Federal Court without going to the Supreme Court. A United States Court of Appeals generally comprises three judges. (The Chief Justice and associate justices of the Supreme Court are authorized to assign additional circuit court judges to such courts as may need them).
A Court of Appeals accepts the facts sent up to it by the lower courts, and therefore does not need a jury. Its work is to decide on disputed questions of law. As a rule the Court of Appeals sits with three judges together on the bench. This court’s principal duty is to protect the Supreme Court from routine cases of no political importance. Its decision may be so clear and well grounded that the Supreme Court will refuse to go into the question further, in which case the Court of Appeals has stated the supreme law of the land, at least for the exact circumstances of that case.

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Alice: Paul, what are you going to do at your laboratory classes today?
Paul: I’m going to work on 1_______.
Alice: And do you often work at the computer centre?
Paul: Not very often. But I like to work on a computer. It does the work of many human beings at fantastically high speeds.
Alice: Well, if I’m not mistaken it’s primarily a calculating machine.
Paul: Oh, 2_______. A computer usually replaces people in dull, routine 3_______. It works according to the instructions. Alice: Well, I see. In my opinion, 4_______.
Paul: Exactly.

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Alice: 1_______?
Dima: I observed a very interesting experiment with 2_______. And what about you?
Alice: As for me, 3_______.
Dima: Well, two years ago computer systems interested me, too. Yesterday I read a very interesting 4_______ on the history of computers by Norma D. Miller. Did you read it?
Alice: I don’t think I did. What does it deal with?
Dima: It deals with many remarkable powers of computers and their basic capabilities.

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Alice: 1_______?
Dima: I expect I’ll study changes in the properties of substances under different conditions.
Alice: You will use 2_______, won’t you?
Dima: Yes, I will. And what are you going to do?
Alice: I think 3_______.
Dima: You are interested in 4_______, aren’t you?
Alice: Yes, I am.
Dima: Will you explain some computer concepts to me then?
Alice: Certainly.

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Nick: Sveta, I’m looking for Boris. Have you seen him today?
Sveta: Yes, he is making a hologram in the lab.
Nick: Is he? And 1_______?
Sveta: Look at your watch! See? 2_______. It is produced when laser light is recorded on a holographic plate.
Nick: I can’t imagine Boris experimenting with a laser beam.
Sveta: Well, just ten minutes ago I saw him splitting the laser beam into two separate beams by means of a beam splitter.
Nick: As far as I can see, it’s rather difficult to make a hologram.
Sveta: Oh, it is not. If you have all necessary equipment you can make holograms at home.
Nick: Really? What equipment do I need?
Sveta: Well, the easiest hologram requires 3_______, a lens, a holographic plate, a stable table, a dark room with green safe-lights and a holographic model. Of course, you are supposed to know what to do with this equipment.
Nick: Right. Where can I learn how to make holograms?
Sveta: If you are so interested, you can join our 4_______. By the way, Boris is still in the lab. You can watch him producing a hologram right now.
Nick: Indeed. See you at the Club tomorrow then.