Вопрос № 1006941 - Английский язык

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When did iron and steel become widely used as alternatives to wood?
Buildings of the 19th century are characterized by the use of new materials and by a great diversity of architectural styles. From the end of the 18th century iron and steel became widely used as alternatives to wood, for by that time many countries experienced shortage of this material. Later the Industrial Revolution brought mass-production of building parts which were manufactured at a factory and then simply assembled at a site.

Buildings of the 19th century are characterized by the use of new materials and by a great diversity of architectural styles. From the end of the 18th century iron and steel became widely used as alternatives to wood, for by that time many countries experienced shortage of this material. Later the Industrial Revolution brought mass-production of building parts which were manufactured at a factory and then simply assembled at a site.
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Mankind has always realized that buildings to be complete must have not only “convenience” and “strength”, but also “beauty”. Some people think that architecture is not a fine art at all. For such people the world of fine arts is something entirely set apart from ordinary living and that its single purpose should be satisfying of physical necessities. At the same time architecture is a matter of pictures or sculpture, poems or music. The architect has the task of being an artist as well as an inventive engineer.
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A new material as nylon has been accepted. It is material for the manufacture of bearings and runners of all sizes in many types of machines, earth-moving equipment and agricultural machinery due to its fundamental characteristics of low friction and good wear resistance. Nylon is a very versatile material and is capable of overcoming a wide range of difficult problems. It will operate satisfactorily without lubrication in an abrasive atmosphere. One of its features is that nylon functions under water or is immersed in any other liquid. Being non-toxic nylon is frequently used in food machinery. Nylon gears usually do not require lubrication, they are shock-resistant, do not deform permanently and – running in train with metal gears – they outlast them.
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Greek houses had a courtyard in the middle and round their courtyard ran a covered walk, its ceiling supported by pillars. There were special women’s quarters, usually upstairs on the second storey.
In Rome bricks were used for building and houses were often finished with plaster over bricks on both inside and outside walls. The centre of family life was a garden-courtyard, surrounded by columns and with rooms opening out into it.
The earliest houses in Britain were round, built of wood or wicker basket work plastered over with clay. In the centre of the house was the hearth and light came in through the hole in the roof above it and through the door because there were no windows.
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I know a lot of interesting work has been done in Scandinavia, and, of course, I’ve read about the work of Le Corbusier in France and I’d like to see what American architects are doing now. You may know the work of the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. He designed the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. It was designed to resist earthquakes and it proved so strong that it did. It was one of the few buildings in Tokyo that did not fall in the terrible earthquake of 1923.
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