Вопрос № 800753 - Английский язык

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A breach (or violation) of the duty, must be proved before the injured party can collect damages for a tort. 1__________________________.
Some torts require that the breach be intentional. 2_________________________. It is enough if the breach occurred because someone was careless or negligent. In still other torts, even carelessness violated and this caused injury. 3_________________________:
1) One group of torts is called intentional torts.
2) Another group of torts is called negligence.
3) 4_________________________.

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The duty imposed by negligence law is called the reasonable man standard. 1_________________________.
There are, however, some individuals for whom a different degree of care is applied. 2___________________________. Older children are only required to act with that care which a reasonable child of like age, intelligence, and experience would act. 3____________________________.
Professionals and persons skilled in a trade are also held to a different degree of care - in this case a higher one. 4____________________________.

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1_______________________?
Sometimes a person can be guilty of tort on the basis of absolute or strict liability. 2_______________________.
Strict liability makes the defendant liable, not on the basis of provable fault, but rather on the basis that the defendant engaged in a particular activity, which resulted in injury. 3________________________.
Engaging in dangerous activities gives rise to strict liability. 4________________________.

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Commercial paper is an unconditional written order or promise to pay money. The most common form of commercial paper is the personal cheque. It was developed hundreds of years ago to serve as a safe substitute for money.
Instead of carrying their gold and silver with them, merchants left their money at the bankers. Then, when merchants wanted to pay a seller for goods they were buying, they wrote an order addressed to their bank. The order directed the bank to deliver a specified amount to the person or the place of the seller’s choice. The bank compared the merchant’s signature (and perhaps a seal) on the order with the signature left at the bank. The bank would comply with such written orders because, once the merchant had made a deposit, the bank was legally indebted to the depositor for that amount. Consequently, if the merchant demanded return of the deposit, the bank had to give it back.
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Instead of carrying their gold and silver with them, merchants left their money ______________.

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Today commercial papers can be grouped into two broad categories.
The first is composed of unconditional orders to pay money. In this category are the draft and the cheque. A cheque is a special kind of draft.
The second category is composed of unconditional promises to pay money. In this category are the promissory note and the certificate of deposit (COD).
The word unconditional means that the legal effectiveness of the order or promise is not dependent upon any other event. IOU (I owe you) is not a commercial paper.
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In the second category are the promissory note and _________________.

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A draft is an unconditional written order by which one party directs a second party to pay to the order of a third party or to the bearer a certain sum of money on demand or at a definite time. A draft is also known as a bill of exchange (B/O).
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A draft is an unconditional written order by which one party directs a second party to pay to the order of a third party or to the bearer a certain sum of money on demand or _________________.