Вопрос № 933228 - Английский язык

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The Arabic system of numerical notation is used in most parts of the world today. This system was first developed in India in the 3rd century BC. At that time the numerals 1, 4, and 6 were written in the same form as today.
The important innovation in the Arabic system was the use of positional notation, in which individual number symbols assume different values according to their position in the written numeral. Positional notation is made possible by the use of a symbol for zero. The symbol 0 makes it possible to differentiate between 11, 101, and 1,001 without the use of additional symbols, and all numbers can be expressed in terms of ten symbols, the numerals from 1 to 9 plus 0. Positional notation also greatly simplifies all forms of written numerical calculation.

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Mathematics has a language of its own. 1_______. The earliest recorded numbers were marks made on a stick. 2_______. Eventually these groups were given symbols of their own and a system of arithmetic developed. 3_______. They also introduced special words to express new ideas. 4_______.

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The inclusion of other elements affects the properties of the steel. Manganese gives extra strength and toughness. Steel containing 4 per cent silicon is used for transformer cores or electromagnets because it has large grains acting like small magnets. The addition of chromium gives extra strength and corrosion resistance, so we can get rust-proof steels. Heating in the presence of carbon or nitrogen-rich materials is used to form a hard surface on steel (case-hardening). High-speed steels, which are extremely important in machine-tools, contain chromium and tungsten plus smaller amounts of vanadium, molybdenum and other metals.
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Steel containing 4 per cent silicon …

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Naval architects are engineers who design and supervise construction of ships. Ships must be designed and built so that they are safe, stable, strong, and fast enough to perform the type of work intended for them. A naval architect must be familiar with the variety of modern shipbuilding.
Marine engineering is a specialized branch of mechanical engineering devoted to the design and operation of systems, both mechanical and electrical, needed to propel a ship. Engineers in this field develop diesel engines and steam turbines that provide enough power to move the ship at the required speed.
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A naval architect must be familiar with …

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Soldering is recommended for making connections on electrical circuits, but it should never be used where strong joints are required. For permanent joints between two dissimilar materials like nylon and metal, it is advisable to use adhesives. For temporary jobs, like fitting a maintenance cover, screw-fastening should always be used. Riveting is recommended for permanent sheet-metal joints such as outer casing fitting. Although welding should always be used for steel support girders, brazing can be used for medium-sized joints where strength is required; for example the joint between the base and body of a hydraulic jack.
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Screw-fastening should always be used for …

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Cast iron should be used for components which must be strong in compression. It is recommended for machine beds and frames. Wrought iron is recommended for components where tensile strength is required; for example, crane hooks and railway couplings. Mild steel should be used for components which must be strong in shear; therefore it is recommended for rivets and bolts. Medium carbon steel is recommended for components where impact strength is required; for example, axles and hammer heads.
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Wrought iron is recommended for …