Вопрос № 223073 - Английский язык

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When 1__________________ electrons suddenly strike a metallic 2_______________ they give up their kinetic 3_________________ to the electrons and atoms which they strike. Some of the bombarding electrons collide directly with free 4_________________ on the metal surface and may knock them out from the surface. The electrons freed in this way are known as secondary emission electrons, since the primary electrons from some other source must be available to bombard the secondary electron-emitting surface.

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When high-speed 1__________________ suddenly strike a metallic 2_______________ they give up their kinetic 3_________________ to the electrons and atoms which they strike. Some of the bombarding electrons collide directly with free electrons on the metal surface and may knock them out from the surface. The electrons 4_________________ in this way are known as secondary emission electrons, since the primary electrons from some other source must be available to bombard the secondary electron-emitting surface.

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The simplest combination of elements constituting an electron tube is the diode. It consists of a cathode, which serves for emitting the electrons, and a plate or anode surrounding the cathode, which acts as a collector of electrons. Both electrodes are enclosed in a highly evacuated envelope of glass or metal. If the cathode is indirectly heated, there must be a heating spiral or a heater. The size of diode tubes varies from tiny metal tubes to large-sized rectifiers. The plate is generally a hollow metallic cylinder made of nickel, molybdenum graphite, tantalum or iron.

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A basic law of electricity states that like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. Electrons emitted from the cathode of an electron tube are negative electric charges. These charges may be either attracted to or repelled from the plate of a diode tube, depending on whether the plate is positively or negatively charged.

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By applying a potential difference (voltage) from a battery or other source between the plate and cathode of a diode, an electric field is established within the tube. The lines of force of this field always extend from the negatively charged element to the positively charged element. Electrons, being negative electric charges, follow the direction of the lines of force in an electric field.

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The term space charge is applied to the cloud of electrons that is formed in the interelectrode space between cathode and plate. Since it is made up of electrons, this cloud constitutes a negative charge in the interelectrode space that has a repelling effect on the electrons being emitted from the cathode. The effect of this negative space charge alone, therefore, is to force a considerable portion of the emitted electrons back into the cathode and prevent others from reaching the plate.