Прочитайте текст Acute hepatitis may have a chronic course. Prolonged irritation of the liver by che...: ответ на тест 781741 - Английский язык

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Acute hepatitis may have a chronic course. Prolonged irritation of the liver by chemical or bacterial toxins results in the inflammation of the liver parenchyma, it being accompanied by atrophy of the liver cells.
In the initial stage chronic hepatitis may develop without any clearly marked symptoms. In certain forms of the disease the main symptom is jaundice, it lasting for several months or even years.
As soon as chronic hepatitis is diagnosed it is necessary to eliminate the cause of the condition. If tuberculosis or malaria are responsible for the disease they must be treated first.
Treatment during exacerbations is the same as for as acute hepatitis. During remissions the general and dietary regimen may be more varied. The diet must be nourishing and varied, but alcohol and fat food must be completely excluded.
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If tuberculosis or malaria are responsible for the disease _______.

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Infection diseases can be classified by their means of transmission or by the area of the body they attack. For example, tuberculosis is a respiratory disease and it is transmitted through airborne droplets spread by sneezing and spitting. Hepatitis is a gastrointestinal disease which is acquired through contaminated food and water. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease which travels to a new host via bodily fluids and it is possible to pick up meningitis, which is an inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, by touching a contaminated object such as a doorknob.
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Hepatitis is acquired through …

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A local tendency to colds is caused by chronic hypertrophies and congestions of the nose and throat, by subacute or chronic catarrhs of these areas. Colds may be produced by any condition of the lungs or heart that may cause congestions of these mucous membranes, and particularly by such a condition of the nose or nasopharynx mucous membranes which will cause mouth breathing more or less constantly. Such patients are more sensitive to acute infections of the throat and lungs than are those who breathe through their nose.
A general tendency to colds is produced by hypersensitivity or decreased resistance of the body to microorganisms and dust particles in the atmosphere.
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A local tendency to colds is caused by _______.

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Louis Pasteur was born in 1822. He was a prominent French chemist, one of the founders of modern microbiology.
His research work helped much to establish the field of bacteriology. In his early years Pasteur devoted his energies to the discovery of microorganisms in wine and beer production. He introduced the idea of heat sterilization (pasteurization) for these products and milk too.
In later life he became interested in hydrophobia. Working in this field he developed the principle that viral pathogenic properties could be attenuated by passing the virus through the body of a proper animal. On the basis of these observations he developed a vaccine for hydrophobia.
Continuing his investigation L. Pasteur discovered the method to prevent some infectious diseases by introducing attenuated causative agents. This method is known as vaccination. It has helped to fight against many infectious diseases.
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In later life he became interested in _______.

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In 1871 the prominent Russian doctor V.A. Manassein published his report in which he described his numerous experiments with “penicillium glaucum”. During his observations of this particular plant V.A. Manassein discovered that many bacteria did not multiply and did not produce new ones in its presence. Due to this phenomenon V.A. Manassein began to investigate the properties of this plant. He determined that it grew well only in such an environment which was provided with oxygen, that is it was aerobic. The young culture of penicillium glaucum destroyed bacteria rapidly, they could not multiply and even disappeared in its presence. The great significance of penicillium glaucum as a protective agent against bacterial infection was clearly determined.
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The young culture of penicillium glaucum destroyed bacteria rapidly, they could not multiply and _______.

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In 1872 the Russian scientist Professor of skin diseases A.G. Polotebnov published his article on penicillium glaucum.
He observed the same phenomenon which had been described by V.A. Manassein a year before. Professor A.G. Polotebnov used penicillium glaucum in his practice treating wounds and some skin diseases. The results of the treatment with penicillium glaucum were effective:
it controlled the development of infection and decreased the spread of microbes.
These Russian scientists were the first to observe the specific properties of penicillium glaucum though they were not able to use it in its pure form in medical treatment. The discovery of penicillin was made by the great English scientist Alexander Fleming in 1929.
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Professor A.G. Polotebnov used penicillium glaucum in his practice treating wounds and _______.