Вопрос № 1059488 - Английский язык

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Solid
1. Solid is one of the major states of matter. It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. Unlike a liquid, a solid object does not flow to take on the shape of its container, nor does it expand to fill the entire volume available to it like a gas does. The atoms in a solid are tightly bound to each other, either in a regular geometric lattice or irregularly one.
2. The branch of physics that deals with solids is called solid-state physics, and is the main branch of condensed matter physics (which also includes liquids). Materials science is primarily concerned with the physical and chemical properties of solids. Solid-state chemistry is especially concerned with the synthesis of novel materials, as well as the science of identification and chemical composition.
3. The forces between the atoms in a solid can take a variety of forms. For example, a crystal of sodium chloride (common salt) is made up of ionic sodium and chlorine, which are held together by ionic bonds. In diamond or silicon, the atoms share electrons and form covalent bonds. In metals, electrons are shared in metallic bonding. Some solids, particularly most organic compounds, are held together with van der Waals forces resulting from the polarization of the electronic charge cloud on each molecule. The dissimilarities between the types of a solid result from the differences between their bonding.
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Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Solid
1. Solid is one of the major states of matter. It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. Unlike a liquid, a solid object does not flow to take on the shape of its container, nor does it expand to fill the entire volume available to it like a gas does. The atoms in a solid are tightly bound to each other, either in a regular geometric lattice or irregularly one.
2. The branch of physics that deals with solids is called solid-state physics, and is the main branch of condensed matter physics (which also includes liquids). Materials science is primarily concerned with the physical and chemical properties of solids. Solid-state chemistry is especially concerned with the synthesis of novel materials, as well as the science of identification and chemical composition.
3. The forces between the atoms in a solid can take a variety of forms. For example, a crystal of sodium chloride (common salt) is made up of ionic sodium and chlorine, which are held together by ionic bonds. In diamond or silicon, the atoms share electrons and form covalent bonds. In metals, electrons are shared in metallic bonding. Some solids, particularly most organic compounds, are held together with van der Waals forces resulting from the polarization of the electronic charge cloud on each molecule. The dissimilarities between the types of a solid result from the differences between their bonding.
Основной идеей текста является …

Once Walt Irvine and his wife Madge, who lived in a small cottage in the mountains, found a dog. He was thin and weak, but he did not let them touch him. He ate the food they gave him only after they had gone away. But when he was strong again, he disappeared.
A few months later, when Irvine was in a train between California and Oregon, he looked out of the window and saw his dog running along the road, two hundred and thirty miles away from home. He got off the train at the nearest station, bought a piece of meat, caught the dog and took him home again. So Wolf, as they called him, came a second time to the mountain cottage. There he was tied up for a week.
To win him became a problem, but Irvine liked problems. At the end of the week he tied a piece of thin bright metal round the dog’s neck with the words: RETURN TO WALT IRVINE, GLEN ELLEN CALIFORNIA. Then the dog was allowed to go, and he disappeared. A day later came a telegram. The dog was reported to have run over hundred miles to the north. Wolf was still going when caught.
This time he was sent back by express train. He was tied up for three days, and was allowed to go on the fourth. And he disappeared again. As soon as he was given freedom he always ran north. He was always brought back weak and always ran away fresh and strong.
At last the dog decided to stay at the cottage, but Irvine and his wife had to wait a long time before they could touch him. When at last he let them do it, they said it was a great victory. The man and woman loved the dog very much.
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One day a train was traveling through the English countryside. That was in the days when trains had small compartments, and in one particular compartment there were four people. There was a young girl, quite pretty, who looked like a student or someone who was starting her first job; there was an old lady, dressed in black with bags and magazines and knitting; there was an army officer in his mid-thirties, dressed in his uniform and proper in his manners; and finally there was a young cockney, casually dressed with sparkle in his eyes and ever ready to have a joke. It was quite obvious that both the men were attracted to the young girl, though they didn’t show it.
Suddenly the train went into a tunnel; the lights had not been on, so for half a minute the carriage was in complete darkness, and in the darkness came the sound of a large kiss followed almost immediately by a loud slap. What took place while the train was in the tunnel? When the train finally emerged and it was light again in the carriage, everybody saw the officer with a bleeding nose and a swollen eye.
And the old lady, seeing that, thought to herself: ‘What a brave young lady, who dared to hit the officer for stealing a kiss in such a cowardly way!’ And the young girl, seeing the suffering of the officer, was puzzled: ‘How strange”, she thought, ‘that the officer kissed the young old lady not me!’
The poor officer, having two injuries that caused him more than a little pain and embarrassment, considered to himself: ‘That cockney’s quite a clever chap! He kissed the girl and the girl hit me!’
And the cockney laughed silently to himself at the trick he had played. “I am a clever chap”, he thought to himself. ‘I kissed the back of my hand, hit the officer in the face and nobody said a word!’
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Mr. Black was on holiday in Scotland and he was staying at Fernie Castle Hotel which used to be just Fernie Castle when it was built 600 years ago. He went to bed after a good meal, and he was falling asleep when he heard someone knocking at the door. He got up, turned on the light and went to the door, but there was no one there. He decided it had been a dream or just imagination. Some minutes later he heard the knock again. He opened the door again, but there was no one there. Mr.Black wasn’t frightened but he was worried a little because he was staying by himself in a very old castle where he hadn’t been before. So he locked the door and went to bed but he left the light on, and nothing else happened that night.
When Mr. Black went down to breakfast he didn’t say anything about the knock he had heard. And all the other guests in the dining-room looked quite normal and nobody looked like the person who could knock at the door in the middle of the night. So he forgot about it.
The next night there was no knocking at the door but in the middle of the night Mr. Black woke up because he heard some noises and he saw a woman standing in the middle of the room. He got a bit frightened. Of course, everybody would. The woman was wearing a green dress with a high neck and she was looking at Mr. Black. When he turned on the light, she disappeared. And this time Mr. Black was really very worried and he couldn’t sleep that night.
The next morning Mr. Black told the owner of the hotel that he had seen a woman in his room the night before and the owner said: “Was she wearing a green dress?” And Mr. Black said: “Yes. Was she one of the staff?” And the owner said: “No, but many people have seen this woman, though I haven’t seen her myself. People say that she is supposed to be the wife of a man who ran away with her to get married, and her father didn’t want her to marry that man, so they hid in a small room of the West Tower of Fernie Castle. But her father’s men found the room where they were hiding and there was a terrible fighting. And somehow while she was trying to run away, she fell out of the window and fell on the stone courtyard below and died. Now her ghost walks about the castle and appears in people’s bedrooms with a sad expression, never says anything and sometimes knocks at doors. And that’s probably what you saw last night. Or you had too much champagne the night before.”
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Johnny was a young man who lived in America. He loved a girl whose name was Rosine. But they quarrelled, she refused to see him and he went to Coralio, a little town in South America, where he found a job and began working as an American Consul.
There wasn’t much work for the American Consul in the town, and Johnny’s friend Billy often came to see them. Johnny got many letters from America. People asaked what they could sell to the people who lived in Coralio.
One day Johnny got a letter from the town he came from. A man wanted to open a shoe shop in Coralio. Johnny laughed because there were about three thousand people in Coralio and only twenty of them had shoes as it was very hot there. The two friends decided to make fun of the man. They wrote to him that most of the people in Coralio had no shoes and there were no shoe shops there. A month later the man came and brought so many shoes that he would not be able to sell them even in twenty years. The man’s daughter came with him. When Johnny heard the man’s name, he realized that the girl was Rosine and the man was her father. The two friends had to do something about it. That night they began to think what to do next. Johnny was afraid to tell Rosine that the letter was just a joke. Billy said he would ask all his friends in the town to buy new shoes. But they could not buy so many shoes.
In the morning a good idea came to Johnny. He sent a telegram to his friend in America and asked him to send him 50 kilograms of dry burs. When the shop was opened, Johnny, Billy and their friends bought new shoes, but in a day or two Rosine’s father began to ask Johnny why the natives didn’t come to buy shoes. Johnny promised that the natives would come to buy shoes. Then the ship from America came, Johnny brought home several big bags. The burs were big and dry. At night Johnny and Billy went up and down the streets and dropped the burs onto the grass and sand. In the morning the natives came out of their houses, but they could not walk, they only jumped from one place to another. Johnny told them to go and buy shoes and they did. The friends had such walks every night. In two weeks Rosine’s father sold most of the shoes. That evening Johnny told him and Rosine everything.
A month later Johnny and his young wife Rosine went back to America and Billy became the new American Consul in Coralio.
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