Вопрос № 1072340 - Английский язык

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One of the factor of production which we are going to study is capital .The word “capital” refers to all tools, machines, buildings, and other goods which are not consumed directly for the satisfaction of the buyer, but which are used to produce or manufacture other goods and services which are consumed by the buyers. In modern civilization, the use of capital has become inevitable. Almost everything that we use is produced with the help of capital. If we destroy all capital like the railways, the motor car and other vehicles, factories, bridges and every other instrument of production, we shall become primitive again. Capital is not an article of consumption, but without capital very few consumption goods can be produced.
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Every form of capital depreciates in the long run. Machines in the factory, buildings, tools and instruments – all wear out while they are used. Therefore, even if new capital is not formed some of the current income will be saved in order to keep the capital intact. It must be repaired and replaced from time to time. For this purpose the owners of capital are required to maintain a depreciation or replacement fund, out of which, they spend to keep the capital intact or replace it in course of time.
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Most taxes can be classified as progressive, proportional or regressive.
A progressive tax takes a larger percentage of a higher income and a smaller percentage of a lower income. The federal income tax is the best known example of a progressive tax.
A proportional tax takes the same percentage of all incomes, regardless of size.
A regressive tax is one that takes a higher percentage of a low income and a lower percentage of a high income. Although they are not based on a person’s income, sales taxes have a regressive effect because they take a larger share of earnings from a low-income taxpayer than from a high-income taxpayer.
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Bank-notes and coins are not the most important forms of 1_______ in developed economies. In the UK about 90 per cent, by value, of all 2_______ are settled by means of cheques. But cheques themselves are not money, they are merely orders to bankers to 3_______ money from one person to another. The money so transferred consists of bank deposits. If there is no money in the form of a bank deposit, then any 4_______ drawn on that account will be worthless.

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Cheques were used as early as the second half of the seventeenth century, but they did not come into general use until the second half of the nineteenth 1_______. The Bank Charter Act of 1844 put strict limitations on the note issue at a time when the output of goods and 2_______ was expanding rapidly. The need for an expansion of the money supply to keep pace with 3_______ output greatly stimulated the use of 4_______ deposits.

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Like any business, a bank is interested in profit, above all. Money is the commodity it 1_______. To put it simply, a bank seeks to “buy” money cheaply (not necessarily from the Federal Reserve Bank), at an annual six-percent interest, for example, and to sell it dearly (as, say, credit to a building company) at an annual 2_______ rate of 11 per cent. This is what the banks are busy doing. There are many variations within this pattern, of course.
Naturally, the banks put their money where it brings them the highest profit. That is why they always keep up to date with the market situation. By shifting 3_______ of various “costs” from sphere to sphere, from one geographical region to another, the banks activities stimulate 4_______ in industry, construction and agriculture. Besides this, the bank promotes the growth – or causes the demise – of individual population centres or even whole regions.