Вопрос № 222846 - Английский язык

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There are various ways in which criminal offences may be classified. From the point of view of procedure, criminal offences may be 1________ into indictable, summary and hybrid 2________. Indictable offences are those which may be 3________ on indictment, i.e. by a jury; this is the only category 4_______ to the common law, and it includes all the most serious offences.

Crime violates the laws of community, state or nation. It is punishable in accordance with these laws. The definition of crime varies according to time and place, but the laws of most countries consider as crimes such offences as arson, bigamy, burglary, forgery, murder, and treason.
Not all offences against the law are crimes. The laws that set down the punishments for crimes form the criminal law. This law defines as crimes those offences considered most harmful to the community. On the other hand, a person may wrong someone else in some other way that offends the civil law. The common law recognizes three classes of crime: treason, felony, and misdemenour. Death or life imprisonment is the usual penalty for treason. Laws in the USA, for example, define a felony as a crime that is punishable by a term of one year or more in a state or federal prison. A person who commits a misdemenour may be punished by a fine or a jail term of less one year.
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At common law, with few exceptions, every crime is compounded of two 1_________, viz, a certain “actus reus” and a certain “mens rea”. That is to say, the crime 2_______ some form of conduct accompanied by a certain state of mind on the part of the doer. Both the conduct and the mental element differ from crime to 3_________ and can be ascertained only by studying the definition of the 4_________ crime.

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A 1_________ will not be held criminally liable unless his conduct can fairly be regarded as having caused that event which it is the policy of the criminal law to prevent. This gives rise to the very 2_________ problem of causation. The 3_______ cannot be said to have evolved any scientific principles on this subject, and are very much gulded by their sense of fairness in the 4__________ case.

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Marriage creates a status which may affect 1________ rights of the parties and their duties with respect to other 2_________. Therefore we must 3_______ the legal effects of relationship first of husband and wife and then of parents and 4_________.

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Law may be broken into Criminal law and Civil law. Civil law may be broken into 1________ law, Contract law and Tort law. Each of these three may be 2________ into law and equity components. But it is Property law which 3_______ the need for the other many types of Civil Law. It is the right of 4_______ property ownership which gives the need for Property law.