Вопрос № 1078052 - Английский язык

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Globalization
1. Humans have interacted over long distances for thousands of years. The overland Silk Road that connected Asia, Africa, and Europe is a good example of the transformative power of translocal exchange that existed in the «Old World». Philosophy, religion, language, the arts, and other aspects of culture spread and mixed as nations exchanged products and ideas.
2. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Europeans made important discoveries in their exploration of the oceans, including the start of transatlantic travel to the «New World» of the Americas. Global movement of people, goods, and ideas expanded significantly in the following centuries.
3. Early in the 19th century, the development of new forms of transportation (such as the steamship and railroads) and telecommunications that «compressed» time and space allowed for increasingly rapid rates of global interchange. In the 20th century, road vehicles and airlines made transportation even faster. The advent of electronic communications, most notably mobile phones and the Internet, connected billions of people in new ways.
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Globalization
1. Humans have interacted over long distances for thousands of years. The overland Silk Road that connected Asia, Africa, and Europe is a good example of the transformative power of translocal exchange that existed in the «Old World». Philosophy, religion, language, the arts, and other aspects of culture spread and mixed as nations exchanged products and ideas.
2. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Europeans made important discoveries in their exploration of the oceans, including the start of transatlantic travel to the «New World» of the Americas. Global movement of people, goods, and ideas expanded significantly in the following centuries.
3. Early in the 19th century, the development of new forms of transportation (such as the steamship and railroads) and telecommunications that «compressed» time and space allowed for increasingly rapid rates of global interchange. In the 20th century, road vehicles and airlines made transportation even faster. The advent of electronic communications, most notably mobile phones and the Internet, connected billions of people in new ways.
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Social Norms
1. Each social role carries expected behaviors called norms. Social norms are the accepted standards of behavior of social groups. These groups range from friendship and work groups to nation states. Behavior which fulfills these norms is called conformity, and most of the time roles and norms are powerful ways of understanding and predicting what people will do.
2. There are norms defining appropriate behavior for every social group. For example, students, neighbors and patients in a hospital are all aware of the norms governing behavior. And as the individual moves from one group to another, their behavior changes accordingly.
3. Norms provide order in society. It is difficult to see how human society could operate without social norms. Human beings need norms to guide and direct their behavior, to provide order and predictability in social relationships and to make sense of and understanding of each other’s actions. These are some of the reasons why most people, most of the time, conform to social norms.
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Why do most people conform to social norms?

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Social Interaction
1. In social science, a social relation or social interaction is any relationship between two or more individuals. Forms of relation and interaction in sociology and anthropology may be described as follows: first and most basic are animal-like behaviors, i.e. various physical movements of the body.
2. Then there are actions – movements with a meaning and purpose. Then there are social behaviors, or social actions, which address (directly or indirectly) other people, which solicit a response from another agent. Next are social contacts, a pair of social actions, which form the beginning of social interactions. Social interactions in turn form the basis of social relations.
3. Symbols define social relationships. Without symbols, our social life would be no more sophisticated than that of animals. For example, without symbols we would have no aunts or uncles, employers or teachers – or even brothers and sisters. In sum, Symbolic integrationists analyze how social life depends on the ways we define ourselves and others. They study face-to-face interaction, examining how people make sense out of life, how they determine their relationships.
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Why are symbols important for social relationships?

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International Relations
1. International Relations (IR) is the study of relationships among countries and the roles of sovereign states. As political activity, international relations dates from the time of the Greek historian Thucydides (460 – 395 BC), and, in the early 20th century, became a discrete academic field within political science.
2. The history of international relations based on sovereign states is often traced back to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, a stepping stone in the development of the modern state system. Prior to this the European medieval organization of political authority was based on a vaguely hierarchical religious order.
3. Besides political science, the field of International Relations draws intellectual materials from the fields of technology and engineering, economics, history and international law, philosophy, geography and sociology. The scope of International Relations comprehends globalization, state sovereignty, ecological sustainability, economic development and global finance, human security and human rights.
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When did International Relations emerge as an independent academic discipline?

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Water Resources
1. Over the last 300 years, world population has increased sevenfold, but water use has increased by 35 times. Since 1950, the amount of annually renewable fresh water available per human being has fallen by more than half. Although 70% of the Earth is covered by seawater and a further 3% by ice, neither of these is easily transformed into usable water. Less than 1% of the Earth’s total water resources is usable for drinking, farming or industry.
2. The quality of water needed for domestic use is much higher than that needed for industry or farming. As a general rule, 80 litres of water per person per day are enough for a reasonable quality of life, but the regional differences are considerable. An American uses 400 litres of water, while an inhabitant of Burundi can survive on 10 litres.
3. Consumption is much higher where pipelines are laid than in regions where water has to be carried from a well. Thus, the provision of piped water services – while highly desirable from a health point of view – greatly increases water use, putting a further strain on scarce resources. It is difficult to establish precise figures for access to safe drinking water, but it is thought that 1.3 billion people worldwide do not have this basic service.
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