Вопрос № 1072303 - Английский язык

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The traditional frame material for windows is wood. 1_______. Wood is known to be a good thermal insulator and is extremely workable. It is easily turned into sashes.2_______. That is why wood elements require repainting every few years. 3_______. Besides, it requires no periodic repainting. 4_______. Aluminum also has its disadvantages. It is known to conduct heat so well that very soon condensation will form and even frost on interior window frame surface during cold winter weather.

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Wood has been a highly used 1_______ material since prehistoric times. Among other highly used building materials there are concrete, steel, brick, stone, and plastics. Being the oldest building material, 2_______ is also known to be the only naturally growing organic material. Among other advantages of wood there are its low cost, 3_______ weight, and high workability. But, as any other construction material, wood has its 4_______. The main ones are the following – it is not fire-resistant, it easily burns.

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Many connections in wood structures depend on direct bearing of one member of the structure on another for their strength. Various simple fasteners are used for constructing purposes. Of them wood fasteners include nails, screws, bolts, anchors and some others. Nails are generally made of plain steel. It is interesting to note that steel used for nails is uncoated steel. There exist different types of nails. Among them common nails and finish nails are the two types most frequently used for fastening.
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What are nails generally made of?

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Practically every modern building is supplied with stairways of some kind. A stairway is designed to provide a means of access between different floor levels of a building. Nowadays stairways are produced of various construction materials but the most popular among them are timber and reinforced concrete. Of them timber may be used for domestic stairs of all kinds because of its economical availability. As to reinforced concrete it is popular because of its durable qualities, great resistivity to decay and great resistance to fire.
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Why are stairways produced of reinforced concrete so popular?

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What kinds of loads are supported by foundations? A foundation may support different kinds of loads. Among them there are dead loads and live loads. The dead load of a building includes the weights of the ceilings, the frame, the floor, roofs and walls. Besides every modern building is known to have water, electricity, heating, ventilation and dispose of waste systems and, accordingly, their equipment. The dead load also includes the weights of this electrical and mechanical equipment and the weight of the foundation itself. As to the live load, it includes the sum of the weights of the people and other living beings, the furnishings, and equipment they use. The live load also includes snow, ice, and water of the roof.
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What are the loads supported by foundations?

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Civil engineering deals with the design of large buildings, roads, bridges, dams, canals, railway lines, airports, tunnels and other constructions. A civil engineer must have a thorough knowledge of the properties and mechanics of construction materials, the mechanics of structures and soils and of hydraulics. Among the main subdivisions in this field are construction engineering, transports engineering and hydraulic engineering.