Вопрос № 605359 - Английский язык

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Infections present the second large class of causes of organic heart disease. Rheumatic fever, or rheumatic heart disease, associated with certain streptococcal («strep») infections, once headed the list. Syphilis, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, and other fevers can injure the heart. Fortunately, these diseases can usually be treated (or prevented) before they cause heart damage. Before the advent of antibiotics, bacterial endocarditis, in which the inner lining of the heart, the endocardium, is directly infected, was usually fatal.
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Which is the most serious infection that leads to organic heart disease?

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Acute hepatitis may have a chronic course. Prolonged irritation of the liver by chemical or bacterial toxins results in the inflammation of the liver parenchyma, it being accompanied by atrophy of the liver cells.
In the initial stage chronic hepatitis may develop without any clearly marked symptoms. In certain forms of the disease the main symptom is jaundice, it lasting for several months or even years.
As soon as chronic hepatitis is diagnosed it is necessary to eliminate the cause of the condition. If tuberculosis or malaria are responsible for the disease they must be treated first.
Treatment during exacerbations is the same as for as acute hepatitis. During remissions the general and dietary regimen may be more varied. The diet must be nourishing and varied, but alcohol and fat food must be completely excluded.
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If tuberculosis or malaria are responsible for the disease _______.

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The heart is a pump. Its function is to pump the blood through the general and pulmonary circulation. The power required for this purpose varies greatly, depending on the position, exercise and resistance to blood flow.
To meet these varying requirements the heart has a wide reserve power. If the load on the heart is permanently increased the reserve is diminished or the heart undergoes hypertrophy to meet the increased requirements.
If, because of poor nutrition, infection or overstrain, hypertrophy fails, or the reserve is eliminated, the heart dilates, and heart failure or cardiac insufficiency develops.
Hypertrophy of the heart muscle is almost always accompanied by increase in the size of the heart cavities, but in dilatation, properly speaking, the muscle walls become thin and lose their tone and the size of the cavities is disproportionally large.
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Its function is to pump the blood _______.

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Russian rheumatologists held their meeting in Sochi to discuss the most urgent problems.
Most reports were devoted to the problem of rheumatic carditis. Academician A.Nesterov, president of the Russian Scientific Society of   Rheumatologists, spoke about the latent form of rheumatic carditis. This form may be almost asyptomatic or present only with general arthralgia, rapid pulse, and general weakness.
Academician A. Nesterov indicated that there was a strong relation of rheumatism to streptococcal disease and, may be, to specific reaction of certain patients to this chronic streptococcal infection.
A. Dolgopolova of the Moscow Institute of Rheumatological Research, Department of Pediatrics, again emphasizes the need to differentiate rheumatic latent carditis from its acute and chronic forms.
A. Lukyanova called attention to the ambulatory forms of rheumatism, among which a great number of patients have latent rheumatic carditis.
U. Danys introduced a suggestion that chronic tonsillitis may produce a functional disturbance of myocardium. He called it the tonsillo-cardiac syndrome.
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Most reports were devoted to _______.

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The cardinal symptoms of ulcer are pain, localized tenderness, hyperacidity of the gastric juice and vomiting of blood. The time at which the pain develops depends largely on the situation of the ulcer. If the ulcer is in the body of the stomach or near the cardiac end, that is, near the opening of the esophagus, pain may develop very shortly after eating and may disappear when the stomach is empty. In this case a sharply localized area of tenderness will be felt in the middle of the epigastrium or slightly to the left and there may also be tenderness to the left of the lower spine. If the ulcer is near the pylorus pain will develop later in the course of digestion as the stomach is empting itself. In ulcer of the duodenum an aching pain develops two, three or more hours after meals and is relieved by food.
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The time at which the pain develops depends largely on _______.

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Perforation of gastric or duodenal ulcer into the free peritoneal cavity is an indication for operation.
Surgical intervention is indicated in case of severe bleeding of the upper gastrointestinal tract when there are no signs of portal obstruction and when the haemorrhage persists after 2.5 litres of blood transfusion.
The primary purpose of the operation is to arrest haemorrhage. But the operation should also have the purpose of healing the ulcer.
During the operation the stomach must be opened widely. The operating surgeon must make a thorough search for the bleeding point. But often the surgeon is unable to find such a point. In such a case three-fourths of the stomach must be resected.
In severe haemorrhage reoccurs in the postoperative period a repeated operation of the stomach should be carried out. In this case all the stomach except a 1 cm margin at the esophagus should be resected.
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During the operation _______.