Вопрос № 1077916 - Английский язык

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Marble: characteristics, uses and problems
1. Marble is an extremely hard, metamorphic stone composed of calcite (CaCO3). It is formed as a result of the recrystallization of limestone under the intense pressure and heat of geologic processes. The effect of this process is the creation of a stone with a very tight crystalline structure and small but definite porosity.
2. Because of its structure, marble can take a very high polish and is a very popular decorative stone for architectural and sculptural uses. The limited porosity of marble, especially polished marble, makes it less vulnerable to the leaching effects of water. Calcium carbonate, however, of which marble is composed, is highly susceptible to attack by acidic agents. Marble is readily dissolved by acids, even very dilute acids, however the actual results of acidic exposure will vary with the nature of the acid.  For this reason, it is always important to determine the exact type of pollutants causing marble deterioration.
3. Marble has many decorative and structural uses. It is used for outdoor sculpture as well as for sculpture bases; in architecture it is used in exterior walls and veneers, flooring, decorative features, stairways and walkways. The way in which the stone is used may be a factor in limiting or controlling the severity of exposure. The use or function of the marble may also affect the feasibility of applying certain treatments, but type of use is not the primary factor in the major types of deterioration and damage to which marble is susceptible.
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Marble is …

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Marble: characteristics, uses and problems
1. Marble is an extremely hard, metamorphic stone composed of calcite (CaCO3). It is formed as a result of the recrystallization of limestone under the intense pressure and heat of geologic processes. The effect of this process is the creation of a stone with a very tight crystalline structure and small but definite porosity.
2. Because of its structure, marble can take a very high polish and is a very popular decorative stone for architectural and sculptural uses. The limited porosity of marble, especially polished marble, makes it less vulnerable to the leaching effects of water. Calcium carbonate, however, of which marble is composed, is highly susceptible to attack by acidic agents. Marble is readily dissolved by acids, even very dilute acids, however the actual results of acidic exposure will vary with the nature of the acid.  For this reason, it is always important to determine the exact type of pollutants causing marble deterioration.
3. Marble has many decorative and structural uses. It is used for outdoor sculpture as well as for sculpture bases; in architecture it is used in exterior walls and veneers, flooring, decorative features, stairways and walkways. The way in which the stone is used may be a factor in limiting or controlling the severity of exposure. The use or function of the marble may also affect the feasibility of applying certain treatments, but type of use is not the primary factor in the major types of deterioration and damage to which marble is susceptible.
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Why one should be very careful applying cleaners to marble?

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Building with timber
1. Wood has a very long history of use as a construction material and for infrastructure such as bridges and railway lines. In many of these uses wood now competes with materials like concrete, steel, aluminium and plastics. For example, in Australia, there has been an average increase in house size (from about 78m2 in 1945 to about 250m2 in 2008), but the average volume of wood per dwelling has decreased from about 24 m3to 14 m3 over this time. Elsewhere in the world, where there were woods and forests, timber was a key building material. Timber is strong, warm, and beautiful, but ultimately it rots or dries out and cracks, or catches fire. It is hard to find a timber building, an original timber building, much over 750 or, at the most, 1,000 years old.
2. Timber remains a fine material to build with, although the fear of fire is always present. Wood can last hundreds of years. It can be very versatile and give a beautiful finish when left exposed. Although exposure, if not treated right will lead to rot and unsightly deterioration. One must allow for the movement of wood. It contracts and shrinks depending on dampness and humidity, but so long as it’s used alongside the right materials this is not problematic.
3. Woodworm can be the end if a timber framed house so it needs treating properly. Exterior wood will need painting or restaining every 5 years so that can be a drag. It can be high maintenance but you can’t beat oak beams in the ceiling or old varnished floorboards. Wood is a pleasant material for toys, and is rather good for small boats. The majority of furniture is still of wood because of its pleasant natural properties.
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Genetic engineering
1. Genetic engineers may someday develop transgenic plants which would allow for irrigation, drainage, conservation, sanitary engineering, and maintaining or increasing yields while requiring fewer fossil fuel derived inputs than conventional crops. Such developments would be particularly important in areas which are normally arid and rely upon constant irrigation, and on large scale farms. However, genetic engineering of plants has proven to be controversial.
2. Many issues surrounding food security and environmental impacts have risen regarding GMO practices. For example, GMOs are questioned by some ecologists and economists concerned with GMO practices such as terminator seeds, which is a genetic modification that creates sterile seeds. Terminator seeds are currently under strong international opposition and face continual efforts of global bans.
3. Another controversial issue is the patent protection given to companies that develop new types of seed using genetic engineering. Since companies have intellectual ownership of their seeds, they have the power to dictate terms and conditions of their patented product. Currently, ten seed companies control over two-thirds of the global seed sales.
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Seeds
1. A seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat, usually with some stored food. It is the product of the ripened ovule of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant. All seeds are different size, shape and colour.
2. Many seeds are edible and the majority of human calories comes from seeds, especially from cereals, legumes and nuts. Seeds also provide most cooking oils, many beverages and spices and some important food additives. In different seeds the seed embryo or the endosperm dominates and provides most of the nutrients. The storage proteins of the embryo and endosperm differ in their amino acid content and physical properties.
3. Some seeds are harmful, poisonous or deadly. Seeds often contain chemical compounds that simply taste bad (such as in mustard), but other compounds are toxic or break down into toxic compounds within the digestive system. Children, being smaller than adults, are more susceptible to poisoning by seeds.
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Plant ecology
1. Plant ecology describes the ways plants relate to and function in their habitats, the environments in which they complete their life cycles. Plants depend upon certain edaphic and climatic factors in their environment but may also modify these factors by e.g. decreasing albedo, increasing interception of runoff and stabilization of soils.
2. Plants compete with other organisms in their ecosystem for resources. They interact with their neighbours at a variety of spatial scales in groups, populations and communities that collectively constitute vegetation. Biomes such as tundra and tropical rainforest, are regions with similar abiotic and biotic factors, climate, and geography with characteristic dominant plants.
3. Herbivores eat plants, but plants can also defend themselves and some species are parasitic or even carnivorous. Other organisms form mutually beneficial relationships with plants. For example mycorrhizal fungi provide plants with nutrients, ants are recruited by ant plants to provide protection, honey bees and other pollinators pollinate flowers, and dispersal vectors distribute spores and seeds.
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