Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения. What is management Are t...: ответ на тест 1072352 - Английский язык

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What is management? Are there certain functions that all managers perform regardless of whether they’re company presidents, managers of departments, or supervisors of department sections?
If we watch managers at work, we might conclude that their jobs differ so widely in content and scope that no generalizations about management are possible.
One reason for this is that many managers, even top managers, do work that is not management at all. A simple example is the sales manager who actually sells and perhaps has a set of customers of his own, in addition to managing the sales force. Then there’s the “working foreman” or leadman who works right along with the group he’s supervising. In these cases the managers are actually spending only part of their time on management itself.
A second reason why it may be difficult to identify the functions common to all managers is that the scope of their activities differs widely.

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Management plays a vital role in any business or organized activity. Management is composed of a team of managers who have charge of the organization at all levels. Their duties include making sure company objectives are met and seeing that the business operates efficiently. Regardless of the specific job, most managers perform four basic functions. These management functions are planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.
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Most managers perform _________________.

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If we look closely at managers at work, we can see that fundamentally they are all performing – or should be performing – the same functions during the time they are actually managing rather than doing the work similar to that done by those under them.
These functions are planning, organizing, directing, controlling, staffing, leading, representing and decision making. None of the management functions can be performed without communication.

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A number of different terms are used for “manager”, including “director”, “administrator” and “president”. The term “manager” is used more frequently in profit-making organizations, while the others are used more widely in government and non-profit organizations such as universities, hospitals and social work agencies.
What, then, is a manager?
When used collectively the term “management” refers to those people who are responsible for making and carrying out decisions within the system. An individual manager is a person who directly supervises people in an organization.

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Marketing people do not like to admit that they have anything to do with sales, but, obviously, the whole purpose of marketing is to create a situation in which a sale can be made.
Buying, selling, market research, transportation, storage, advertising – these are all parts of the complex area of business known as marketing. In simple terms, marketing means the movement of goods and services from manufacturer to customer in order to satisfy the customer and to achieve the company’s objectives.

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The product element of marketing refers to the goods or services that a company wants to sell. Next, a company considers the price to charge for its product. There are three pricing options the company may take: above, with or below the prices that its competitors are charging. Most companies sell their goods or services for average prices established by major producers in the industry.
The third element of the marketing process – placement – involves getting the product to the customer. This takes place through the channels of distribution. A common channel of distribution is: manufacturer –> wholesaler –> retailer –> customer.
Wholesalers generally sell large quantities of a product to retailers, and retailers usually sell smaller quantities to customers.
Finally, communication about the product takes place between a buyer and a seller and is known as promotion. There are two major ways of promotion: 1) through personnel selling, as in a department store; 2) and through advertising, as in a newspaper or magazine, etc.