Вопрос № 1072352 - Английский язык

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Management plays a vital role in any business or organized activity. Management is composed of a team of managers who have charge of the organization at all levels. Their duties include making sure company objectives are met and seeing that the business operates efficiently. Regardless of the specific job, most managers perform four basic functions. These management functions are planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.
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Most managers perform _________________.

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Interviewer: One hears over and over again that what a modern enterprise needs is a good manager. What do you think of the problem?
Adams: The importance of a good manager can’t be overestimated.
Interviewer: What do you think makes 1_______?
Adams: First of all high standards of professional knowledge and personal conduct.
Interviewer: What personal traits must a good manager have?
Adams: A good manager must be flexible, must have confidence in himself and others, and 2_______. Besides, he must have leading ability.
Interviewer: I see, and what 3_______ should managers have?
Adams: Managers must know how to set up goals and how to achieve them, how to divide work and how to coordinate the activities of individuals.
Interviewer: Management is often called the art of getting things done through people. What’s your point of view on the essence of management?
Adams: The essence of management is to create an environment where individuals, working together, can perform effectively and efficiently. Nowadays, managers must be more skilled in handling people.
Interviewer: Yes, managers must understand that 4_______ are a very important part of any business.

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If we look closely at managers at work, we can see that fundamentally they are all performing – or should be performing – the same functions during the time they are actually managing rather than doing the work similar to that done by those under them.
These functions are planning, organizing, directing, controlling, staffing, leading, representing and decision making. None of the management functions can be performed without communication.

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A number of different terms are used for “manager”, including “director”, “administrator” and “president”. The term “manager” is used more frequently in profit-making organizations, while the others are used more widely in government and non-profit organizations such as universities, hospitals and social work agencies.
What, then, is a manager?
When used collectively the term “management” refers to those people who are responsible for making and carrying out decisions within the system. An individual manager is a person who directly supervises people in an organization.

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Marketing people do not like to admit that they have anything to do with sales, but, obviously, the whole purpose of marketing is to create a situation in which a sale can be made.
Buying, selling, market research, transportation, storage, advertising – these are all parts of the complex area of business known as marketing. In simple terms, marketing means the movement of goods and services from manufacturer to customer in order to satisfy the customer and to achieve the company’s objectives.

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The product element of marketing refers to the goods or services that a company wants to sell. Next, a company considers the price to charge for its product. There are three pricing options the company may take: above, with or below the prices that its competitors are charging. Most companies sell their goods or services for average prices established by major producers in the industry.
The third element of the marketing process – placement – involves getting the product to the customer. This takes place through the channels of distribution. A common channel of distribution is: manufacturer –> wholesaler –> retailer –> customer.
Wholesalers generally sell large quantities of a product to retailers, and retailers usually sell smaller quantities to customers.
Finally, communication about the product takes place between a buyer and a seller and is known as promotion. There are two major ways of promotion: 1) through personnel selling, as in a department store; 2) and through advertising, as in a newspaper or magazine, etc.