Вопрос № 1078011 - Английский язык

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Solar towers
1) The need to develop renewable energy is widely seen as a futuristic technological challenge. In reality, some of the most effective ways of harnessing horsepower from nature are based on concepts that have existed for donkey’s years. The wind turbine is an obvious example. Another – less well known, but conceived almost a century ago – is the solar tower or solar chimney.
2) If the Australian company EnviroMission completes an ambitious solar tower project in the New South Wales desert, the technology could capture not just the sun's rays but the public's imagination worldwide, The firm is planning to construct a tower a colossal one kilometer high, if built, it will be the world's tallest structure by a huge margin.
3) How it works. A large glass enclosure is built, with a chimney at its centre. The sun heats the enclosure, causing expansion of the air inside. At the top of the chimney, the lower temperature and tower pressure due to the higher altitude create a pressure differential known as stack effect. This causes air to flow up the chimney. Electricity is generated by turbines at the bottom of the chimney, which are driven by the flow of air. The bigger the area of glass and the taller the chimney, the greater the airflow and the higher the generating capacity.
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How does the solar tower work?

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Solar towers
1) The need to develop renewable energy is widely seen as a futuristic technological challenge. In reality, some of the most effective ways of harnessing horsepower from nature are based on concepts that have existed for donkey’s years. The wind turbine is an obvious example. Another – less well known, but conceived almost a century ago – is the solar tower or solar chimney.
2) If the Australian company EnviroMission completes an ambitious solar tower project in the New South Wales desert, the technology could capture not just the sun's rays but the public's imagination worldwide, The firm is planning to construct a tower a colossal one kilometer high, if built, it will be the world's tallest structure by a huge margin.
3) How it works. A large glass enclosure is built, with a chimney at its centre. The sun heats the enclosure, causing expansion of the air inside. At the top of the chimney, the lower temperature and tower pressure due to the higher altitude create a pressure differential known as stack effect. This causes air to flow up the chimney. Electricity is generated by turbines at the bottom of the chimney, which are driven by the flow of air. The bigger the area of glass and the taller the chimney, the greater the airflow and the higher the generating capacity.
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Remote Control
1. The earliest example of remote control by radio waves was developed in 1898 by Nikola Tesla and described in his patent, named Method of an Apparatus for Controlling Mechanism of Moving Vehicle or Vehicles. In 1898, he demonstrated a radio-controlled boat to the public during an electrical exhibition. Tesla called his boat a «teleautomaton».
2. The first machines to be operated by remote control were used mainly for military purposes. Radio-controlled motor-boats, developed by the German navy, were used to ram enemy ships in WW I. Radio controlled bombs and other remote control weapons were used in WW II. Once the wars were over, the United States scientists experimented to find nonmilitary uses for the remote control. In the late 1940s automatic garage door openers were invented, and in the 1950s the first TV remote controls were used.
3. The first TV remote control, called «Lazy Bones», was developed in 1950 by Zenith Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation). «Lazy Bones» used a cable that ran from the TV set to the viewer. A motor in the TV set operated the tuner through the remote control. Although customers liked having remote control of their television, they complained that people tripped over the unsightly cable that meandered across the living room floor. Manufacturers used to only make remote controls that operated one TV set. However, they are now making universal remote controls that can operate any TV set. Experts predict that someday remote controls will control almost every device in the home.
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The invention of nylon
1. In 1928 a team of researchers, led by organic chemist Wallace H. Carothers of the United States and sponsored by the chemical firm, set out to discover what sorts of materials they could produce from varying combinations of long-chain molecules. In a pioneering process called polymerization they combined atoms into long molecules that varied in the types of atoms used and the ways they were joined, producing an assortment of unique materials.
2. Then one day in 1930 they discovered an unusual property of one of their molten substances: it would stick to a glass rod and form a fine strand. As soon as the strand met the cold air, it solidified and formed a long continuous fiber that was both flexible and strong. If the fiber was then stretched to four or five times its original length, its properties changed further: it strengthened still more and at the same time became lustrous. Its structure was such that it could be spun into a fiber resembling silk, but it had high strength and elasticity and exceptional resistance to abrasion, rot, mildew, and chemicals.
3. For eight years chemists, physicists, engineers, and textile experts labored to develop this oddity into a usable fiber that could be manufactured on a large scale. In 1938 they announced their success. This synthetic textile fiber was to be called nylon.
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Distance Education
1. Distance education programs are more popular than ever. College and high school students now have hundreds of legitimate distance education schools to choose from. Distance education is any type of schooling that takes place away from a physical campus.
2. There are two types of programs offered by distance education schools: synchronous learning programs and asynchronous learning programs. With synchronous learning, distance education students must log on to the school’s website at a set time. Often, they interact with their peers and professors via group chats, web seminars, video conferencing, and phone call-ins. With asynchronous learning, distance education students complete all coursework on their own time. They often learn via assignment sheets, message boards, email, pre-recorded video lectures, mp3s, and traditional mail correspondence.
3. Many students find that distance education courses give them the freedom to complete a degree while meeting their personal and professional obligations. Motivated learners are often able to complete distance education degrees in a fraction of the time often required. Distance education courses also allow students to network with participants from all over the nation.
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Emotions
1. Emotions exert an incredibly powerful force on human behavior. Strong emotions can cause you to take actions you might not normally perform, or avoid situations that you generally enjoy.
2. In psychology, emotion is often defined as a complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behavior. Emotionality is associated with a range of psychological phenomena including temperament, personality, mood and motivation. According to author David G. Meyers, human emotion involves «…physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience».
3. The James-Lange theory is one of the best-known examples of a physiological theory of emotion. Independently proposed by psychologist William James and physiologist Carl Lange, the James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events. According to this theory, you see an external stimulus that leads to a physiological reaction. Your emotional reaction is dependent upon how you interpret those physical reactions.
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