Вопрос № 1072339 - Английский язык

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For the sake of convenience, the factory owners and other industrialists classify capital as fixed and circulating capital. By “fixed” capital they mean the factory building, machinery and other goods which, once purchased, remain with them for many years, and help production. “Circulating” capital means the raw materials, lubricating oils, fuel and other goods, which, though they also help production, are used up at short intervals and therefore will be purchased anew from time to time. From the point of view of economic theory, this classification is meaningless. Sometimes it becomes difficult to know, whether something should be regarded as fixed or circulating capital.
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One of the factor of production which we are going to study is capital .The word “capital” refers to all tools, machines, buildings, and other goods which are not consumed directly for the satisfaction of the buyer, but which are used to produce or manufacture other goods and services which are consumed by the buyers. In modern civilization, the use of capital has become inevitable. Almost everything that we use is produced with the help of capital. If we destroy all capital like the railways, the motor car and other vehicles, factories, bridges and every other instrument of production, we shall become primitive again. Capital is not an article of consumption, but without capital very few consumption goods can be produced.
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For the sake of convenience, the factory owners and other industrialists classify capital as fixed and circulating capital. By “fixed” capital they mean the factory building, machinery and other goods which, once purchased, remain with them for many years, and help production. “Circulating” capital means the raw materials, lubricating oils, fuel and other goods, which, though they also help production, are used up at short intervals and therefore will be purchased anew from time to time. From the point of view of economic theory, this classification is meaningless. Sometimes it becomes difficult to know, whether something should be regarded as fixed or circulating capital.
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Most taxes can be classified as progressive, proportional or regressive.
A progressive tax takes a larger percentage of a higher income and a smaller percentage of a lower income. The federal income tax is the best known example of a progressive tax.
A proportional tax takes the same percentage of all incomes, regardless of size.
A regressive tax is one that takes a higher percentage of a low income and a lower percentage of a high income. Although they are not based on a person’s income, sales taxes have a regressive effect because they take a larger share of earnings from a low-income taxpayer than from a high-income taxpayer.
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Bank-notes and coins are not the most important forms of 1_______ in developed economies. In the UK about 90 per cent, by value, of all 2_______ are settled by means of cheques. But cheques themselves are not money, they are merely orders to bankers to 3_______ money from one person to another. The money so transferred consists of bank deposits. If there is no money in the form of a bank deposit, then any 4_______ drawn on that account will be worthless.

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Cheques were used as early as the second half of the seventeenth century, but they did not come into general use until the second half of the nineteenth 1_______. The Bank Charter Act of 1844 put strict limitations on the note issue at a time when the output of goods and 2_______ was expanding rapidly. The need for an expansion of the money supply to keep pace with 3_______ output greatly stimulated the use of 4_______ deposits.