Вопрос № 800779 - Английский язык

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Typically, a corporation is formed as a result of the efforts of one or more persons called promoters. These individuals bring together interested persons and take the preliminary steps to form a corporation. Regardless of the promoters’ efforts, however, the resulting corporation is not liable on any contract made on its behalf. The promoters cannot bind an organization that is still to be created. Usually, though, once it comes into being, the corporation adopts the contracts and is bound by them.

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A corporation is a legal entity that is created by government grant. Courts speak of the corporation as an artificial person with an existence separate from the persons who organize, own, and run it. However, a corporation is created by people and can do nothing without the aid of people who act for it.
Although corporations are far outnumbered by sole proprietorships and partnerships, corporations do most of the business in this country.

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A major advantage of the corporate form over the partnership form is the ease of transferring ownership interests. Normally, individual owners can sell their interests in the corporation without disturbing the company’s operations or getting the consent of other owners. The stock of most large corporations is traded (bought and sold) on the New York Stock Exchange or the American Stock Exchange. By contacting a stockbroker, any person may buy or sell a reasonable number of shares of any listed stock within minutes when the exchanges are open.

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Because liability is limited to investment, and because owners buy and sell their interests with comparative ease, many persons invest in corporations. Thus, great sums of money are raised. Small and large investments by thousands of persons and institutions are combined to fund the giant corporations.

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With substantial capital, efficient corporations generally have greater financial strength than do other forms of business organization. This enables corporations to attract superior workers by offering big salaries and fringe benefits. Moreover, because the corporation is not automatically dissolved by the death of any owner, it usually provides better assurance of continued employment.

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In terms of purpose, a corporation is either public or private. A public corporation is established for a governmental purpose. State hospitals and state universities are public corporations. A private corporation is established by private citizens for a business or charitable purpose. Sometimes a private corporation is called public because its stock is broadly owned by the general public. This differentiates it from a private corporation where the stock is owned by only one or a small number of shareholders. The latter type is also known as a close or closely-held corporation.