Вопрос № 1072341 - Английский язык

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Consumer Behavior and Rational Choice
1. Consumer wants and desires are basic determent of the nature and quantity of the goods and services produced in any economic system. Recent US government figures show that consumers spend about 79% of their income on goods and services; the rest goes for taxes and saving. Much of their expenditures for goods and services goes for housing, food and drink, and transportation.
2. The model of consumer behavior and rational choice explains how an individual consumer allocates his or her income among various commodities. This model assumes that the consumer’s preferences are transitive and that commodities are defined so that more of them is preferred to less. The consumer’s preferences can be represented by a utility index. Utility is a number that indexes the level of satisfaction derived by the consumer from a particular market basket. Market baskets with higher utilities are preferred over market baskets with lower utilities.
3. The model of consumer behavior and rational choice recognizes that preferences alone do not determine the consumer’s actions. Given the consumer’s preferences, as reflected in his utility index, the choices open to him are dictated by the size of his money income and the nature of commodity prices. The consumer is assumed to choose the market basket that maximizes his utility. If the consumer maximizes his utility, his income is allocated among commodities so that, for every commodity he buys, the marginal utility of the commodity is proportional to its price. In other words, the marginal utility of the last dollar spent on each commodity is made equal for all commodities. Sometimes consumers are misled by false advertising and other deceptive practices. For the price system to work well, the consumer must be protected against such deception and fraud.
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Some Americans with low income have no family doctor. They come directly to the hospital for all their medical needs. Here they are cared for by interns, residents and the doctors who work there.
The considerable cost of medical care has led to the development of two new programmes by the Federal Government – Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare provides free medical care for all the Americans over 65. Medicaid provides free medical care for all whose income is below a certain level.
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Where do some Americans with low income come for all their medical needs?

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Bank-notes and coins are not the most important forms of 1_______ in developed economies. In the UK about 90 per cent, by value, of all 2_______ are settled by means of cheques. But cheques themselves are not money, they are merely orders to bankers to 3_______ money from one person to another. The money so transferred consists of bank deposits. If there is no money in the form of a bank deposit, then any 4_______ drawn on that account will be worthless.

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Cheques were used as early as the second half of the seventeenth century, but they did not come into general use until the second half of the nineteenth 1_______. The Bank Charter Act of 1844 put strict limitations on the note issue at a time when the output of goods and 2_______ was expanding rapidly. The need for an expansion of the money supply to keep pace with 3_______ output greatly stimulated the use of 4_______ deposits.

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Like any business, a bank is interested in profit, above all. Money is the commodity it 1_______. To put it simply, a bank seeks to “buy” money cheaply (not necessarily from the Federal Reserve Bank), at an annual six-percent interest, for example, and to sell it dearly (as, say, credit to a building company) at an annual 2_______ rate of 11 per cent. This is what the banks are busy doing. There are many variations within this pattern, of course.
Naturally, the banks put their money where it brings them the highest profit. That is why they always keep up to date with the market situation. By shifting 3_______ of various “costs” from sphere to sphere, from one geographical region to another, the banks activities stimulate 4_______ in industry, construction and agriculture. Besides this, the bank promotes the growth – or causes the demise – of individual population centres or even whole regions.

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Banks are interested in keeping most of their money in circulation so that it should bring them 1_______. They seek to reduce their lending rates in order to attract 2_______. The cuts in interest rates are more than made up for by an increase in the amount of money in circulation.
In their pursuit of high profit, the 3_______ sometimes get involved in risky operations fraught with bankruptcy. Therefore, the Federal government takes measures to minimize the danger of banks going broke. Every bank is obliged to take out insurance against robbery or 4_______ lest the clients should lose their money in any case.
The banks cater to big and small companies and to individuals.