Вопрос № 605404 - Английский язык

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A computer system is a collection of components that work together to process data. The purpose of a computer system is to make it as easy as possible for you to use a computer to solve problems. A functioning computer system combines hardware elements with software elements. The hardware elements are the mechanical devices in the system, the machinery and the electronics that perform physical functions. The software elements are the programs written for the system; these programs perform logical and mathematical operations and provide a means for you to control the system. Documentation includes the manuals and listings that tell you how to use the hardware and software.
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A computer system is a collection of components that work together _______________.

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What are the computer programs used for?
A computer to complete a job requires more than just the actual equipment or hardware we see and touch. It requires software – programs for directing the operation of a computer or electronic data.
Software is the final computer system component. These computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. The computer is merely a general-purpose machine which requires specific software to perform a given task. Computers can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information. Software determines the order in which these operations are performed.
Programs usually fall in one of two categories: system software and applications software.

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The first generation of computers, which used vacuum tubes, came out in 1950. These computers could perform thousands of calculations per second. About 1960, the second generation of computers was developed and these could perform work ten times faster than their predecessors. The reason for this extra speed was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers were smaller, faster. One of the best of these second-generation computers is the Soviet BESM-6 (big electronic counting machine).
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The first generation of computers came out ______________________.

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The third-generation computers began to appear in 1965. These computers could do a million calculations a second, which is 1000 times as many as first-generation computers; they are controlled by tiny integrated circuits and are consequently smaller and more dependable. Fourth-generation computers have now arrived. They are based on ICs greatly reduced in size due to microminiaturization, which means that the circuits are much smaller than before. As many as 1000 tiny circuits now fit onto a single chip. Fourth-generation computers are 50 times faster than third-generation computers.
The most recent mainframe computers based on very large scale integration are becoming available in the mid-1980’s.
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Fourth-generation computers are 50 times faster than _______________________.

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Sainsbury’s supermarkets share with Tesco the leading position in food and drink sales in Britain. Both have about 12% of the market, but they have very different images. Sainsbury’s has a middle-class image and suggests good food and wine. Most of the supermarkets and Homebase stores, which sell Do-It-Your-self goods, are in the richest part of the country, the South-East and the Midlands. There are no Sainsbury’s stores in Scotland, Wales or large areas of the North. In the mid-1970-s Sainsbury’s started to built very big supermarkets, ‘hypermarkets’, on the edge of towns. This reflects social change, where more affluent people have cars and only want to shop once a week. Like the introduction of the first self-service store in 1950, the idea is American. The architecture of the hypermarkets is interesting. They often look like small communities of houses set around a church tower, something like an old English village. Inside is a single space which contains all the old type of shops under one roof- the butcher, baker, grocer, fishmonger – in an impersonal, modern setting. The first Sainsbury’s was a diary which opened in Drury Lane, London in 1869. The Sainsbury family still has the controlling interest in the company today.
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Sainsbury’s has a middle-class image and _______.

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Selfridges is a big department store in Oxford Street, London which stretches along the street for 154 metres. Outside it looks like a palace; inside it seems like a small town. The store was opened in 1909 by Harry Gordon Selfridge, an American who had worked in department stores in his home country. Today Selfridges has a staff of 4,000, a car park and a 309 room hotel. A new department, Miss Selfridge, was opened in 1965 to sell fashions to young women. Attempts to open other branches of Selfridges itself have not been successful. The sore has always been famous for its publicity. At Christmas Selfridges’ windows turned into scenes from fairy tales with moving puppets and scenery are one of the sights of London and attract thousands of visitors.
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The sore has always been famous _______.