Вопрос № 1058025 - Английский язык

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Intelligence
1. Intelligence has been an important and controversial topic throughout psychology's history. In addition to questions of exactly how to define intelligence, the debate continues today about whether it can be accurately measured. Today's intelligence tests are based largely on the original test devised in the early 1900's by French psychologist Alfred Binet. In order to identify students in need of extra assistance in school, the French government asked Binet to devise a test that could be used to discover which students most needed academic help.
2. Faced with this task, Binet and his colleague Theodore Simon began developing a number of questions that focused on things that had not been taught in school such as attention, memory and problem-solving skills. Using these questions, Binet determined which ones served as the best predictors of school success. He quickly realized that some children were able to answer more advanced questions that older children were generally able to answer, while other children of the same age were only able to answer questions that younger children could typically answer. Based on this observation, Binet suggested the concept of a mental age, or a measure of intelligence based on the average abilities of children of a certain age group.
3. This test, first published in 1916, was called the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and soon became the standard intelligence test used in the U.S. The Stanford-Binet intelligence test used a single number, known as the intelligence quotient (or IQ), to represent an individual's score on the test. The term «intelligence quotient» or IQ, was first coined in the early twentieth century by a German psychologist named William Stern. Since that time, intelligence testing has emerged as a widely used tool that has led to the development of many other tests of skill and aptitude.
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According to Binet intelligence can only be compared among children …

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Intelligence
1. Intelligence has been an important and controversial topic throughout psychology's history. In addition to questions of exactly how to define intelligence, the debate continues today about whether it can be accurately measured. Today's intelligence tests are based largely on the original test devised in the early 1900's by French psychologist Alfred Binet. In order to identify students in need of extra assistance in school, the French government asked Binet to devise a test that could be used to discover which students most needed academic help.
2. Faced with this task, Binet and his colleague Theodore Simon began developing a number of questions that focused on things that had not been taught in school such as attention, memory and problem-solving skills. Using these questions, Binet determined which ones served as the best predictors of school success. He quickly realized that some children were able to answer more advanced questions that older children were generally able to answer, while other children of the same age were only able to answer questions that younger children could typically answer. Based on this observation, Binet suggested the concept of a mental age, or a measure of intelligence based on the average abilities of children of a certain age group.
3. This test, first published in 1916, was called the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and soon became the standard intelligence test used in the U.S. The Stanford-Binet intelligence test used a single number, known as the intelligence quotient (or IQ), to represent an individual's score on the test. The term «intelligence quotient» or IQ, was first coined in the early twentieth century by a German psychologist named William Stern. Since that time, intelligence testing has emerged as a widely used tool that has led to the development of many other tests of skill and aptitude.
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Parenting Styles
1. In authoritarian parenting style, children are expected to follow the strict rules established by the parents. Failure to follow such rules usually results in punishment. Authoritarian parents fail to explain the reasoning behind these rules. These parents have high demands, but are not responsive to their children. Authoritarian parenting styles generally lead to children who are obedient and proficient, but they rank lower in happiness, social competence and self-esteem.
2. Like authoritarian parents, those with an authoritative parenting style establish rules and guidelines that their children are expected to follow. However, this parenting style is much more democratic. Authoritative parents are responsive to their children and willing to listen to questions. When children fail to meet the expectations, these parents are more nurturing and forgiving rather than punishing. They want their children to be assertive as well as socially responsible, and self-regulated as well as cooperative. Authoritative parenting styles tend to result in children who are happy, capable and successful.
3. Permissive parents, sometimes referred to as indulgent parents, have very few demands to make of their children. These parents rarely discipline their children because they have relatively low expectations of maturity and self-control. Permissive parents are generally nurturing and communicative with their children, often taking on the status of a friend more than that of a parent. Permissive parenting often results in children who rank low in happiness and self-regulation. These children are more likely to experience problems with authority and tend to perform poorly in school.
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Why are the children of authoritarian parents generally obedient and proficient?

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Personality
1. In long-term studies of personality, some of the most core parts of personality remain stable throughout life. Three aspects that do tend to change as we age are anxiety levels, friendliness and eagerness for novel experiences. According to researcher Paul T. Costa, there is no evidence our overall personalities change as we grow older. What changes as you go through life are your roles and the issues that matter most to you. People may think their personality has changed as they age, but it is their habits that change, their vigor and health, their responsibilities and circumstances – not their basic personality.
2. In the past, researchers have debated exactly how many personality traits exist. Early researchers such as Allport suggested that there were as many as 4,000 distinct personality traits, while others such as Raymond Cattell proposed that there were 16. Today, many personality researchers support the five-factor theory of personality, which describes five broad personality dimensions that compose human personality: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness.
3. It is very likely that when you think about people's online identities, you might imagine that most people try to present an idealized version of their real selves. After all, in most online situations you get to pick and choose the information you want to reveal. You get to select the most attractive photos of yourself to post and you can edit and revise your comments before you make them. Surprisingly, one study discovered that Facebook profiles are actually quite good at conveying your real personality.
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What usually changes as we grow older?

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The collaborative mode of teaching
1. Teachers display a wide variety of behaviors in the classroom. Despite the existence of divergent teaching styles, a significantly large portion of the adult education literature supports the collaborative mode as the most effective and appropriate style for teaching adults. Strong arguments can be found in the literature to support the concepts that the curriculum should be learner-centered, learning activities should be related to the learner's experiences, adults are self-directed, the learner should be involved in entrance and exit assessments, adults are problem-centered, and the teacher should function as a facilitator.
2. The collaborative mode is a process-oriented approach to teaching. The emphasis is upon what the learner is doing. The teacher's primary task is to organize and maintain an environment which facilitates student learning. In this way adult education is a cooperative venture in which the learner is a full partner. The curriculum is built around the particular problems and life situations of the learners rather than around a predetermined set of subjects for the classification of knowledge. Its content is problem-centered with subjects used as examples and vehicles of learning.
3. The collaborative mode depends on active student participation. The learner is involved in needs diagnosis, goals formation, and outcomes evaluation. To achieve this, the student's experiences are utilized. Learning activities are related to life experiences to help students become more aware of significant events in their lives. Experiences serve as a constantly growing resource for learning and can stimulate adult engagement in learning.
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The Stage Model of Memory
1. Sensory memory is the earliest stage of memory. During this stage, sensory information from the environment is stored for a very brief period of time, generally for no longer than a half-second for visual information and 3 or 4 seconds for auditory information. We attend to only certain aspects of this sensory memory, allowing some of this information to pass into the next stage - short-term memory.
2. Short-term memory, also known as active memory, is the information we are currently aware of or thinking about. In Freudian psychology, this memory would be referred to as the conscious mind. Paying attention to sensory memories generates the information in short-term memory. Most of the information stored in active memory will be kept for approximately 20 to 30 seconds. The amount of information that can be stored in short-term memory can vary. An often cited figure is plus or minus seven items. While many of our short-term memories are quickly forgotten, attending to this information allows it to continue on the next stage - long-term memory.
3. Long-term memory refers to the continuing storage of information. In Freudian psychology, long-term memory would be call the preconscious and unconscious. This information is largely outside of our awareness, but can be called into working memory to be used when needed. Some of this information is fairly easy to recall, while other memories are much more difficult to access. The ability to access and retrieve information from long-term memory allows us to actually use these memories to make decisions, interact with others and solve problems.
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