Вопрос № 867088 - Английский язык

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Human rights
1. Most of the law in the world is made by governments for their own people. But human rights are independent of any political divisions. They are basic minimum standards of freedom and security for all people. When governments do not meet these standards, they are criticized by their own citizens and even by foreign governments. Sometimes some countries impose economic sanction against those countries where human rights are violated. For example, many countries have limited trade to South Africa because of policy of apartheid.
2. As a rule, human rights are violated when governments violate their own constitutions, and very often their policies make citizens to escape to another countries. But legally, most countries of the world have signed international agreements concerning the treatment of individuals. The most important agreement is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) adopted by UN General Assembly in 1948. Article 1 of UDHR declares that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights, and Article 2 states that it does not depend upon race, color, sex, language, religion or any other difference among people.
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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaims …

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The European Court of Human Rights was 1________ by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and was 2________ in Strasbourg in 1959. The Convention, which was drawn up by the 3________ of Europe in 1950, was inspired by the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and protects many 4_______ rights as the right to life, freedom from torture and slavery, the right to a fair trial etc.

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What organization was the forerunner of the United Nations?

The forerunner of the United Nations was the League of Nations, an organization conceived in similar circumstances during the First World War, and established in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles “to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security”. The League of Nations ceased its activities after failing to prevent the Second World War.
In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organization to the United Nations Charter. The United Nations was established on 24 October 1945 by 51 countries committed to preserving peace through international cooperation and collective security. Today, nearly every nation in the world belongs to the UN: membership now totals 189 countries.

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How are decisions on “important matters” taken?

All UN Member States are represented in the General Assembly – a kind of parliament of nations, which meets to consider the world’s most pressing problems. Each Member State has one vote. Decisions on “important matters”, such as international peace and security, admitting new members, the UN budget and the budget for peacekeeping, are decided by two-thirds majority. Other matters are decided by simple majority. In recent years, a special effort has been made to reach decisions through consensus, rather than by taking a formal vote.
The Assembly holds its annual regular session from September to December. When necessary, it may resume its session, or hold a special or emergency session on subjects of particular concern. When the Assembly is not meeting, its six main committees, other subsidiary bodies and the UN Secretariat carry out its work.

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What does the Convention on the Rights of the Child spell out?
The human rights of children and the standards to which all governments must aspire in realizing these rights for all children, are formulated in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Convention is the most universally accepted human rights instrument in history – it has been ratified by every country in the world except two. By ratifying this instrument, national governments have committed themselves to protecting and ensuring children’s rights.
Built on varied legal systems and cultural traditions, the Convention on the Rights of the Child is a universally agreed set of non-negotiable standards and obligations. It spells out the basic human rights that children everywhere – without discrimination – have: the right to survival; to develop to the fullest; to protection from harmful influences, abuse and exploitation, and to participate fully in family, cultural and social life.
Every right spelled out in the Convention is inherent to the human dignity and harmonious development of every child. The Convention protects children’s rights by setting standards in health care, education and legal, civil and social services. These standards are benchmarks against which progress can be assessed. States that are party to the Convention are obliged to develop and undertake all actions and policies in the light of the best interests of the child.

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The U.S. Supreme Court is the highest tribunal in the United States. It includes a Chief Justice and eight associate justices. They are all appointed by the President and approved by the Senate.
Under the Constitution the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction (i.e., it is the court in which proceedings may be brought in the first instance) in case affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls and cases in which a state is a party. In all other cases coming within the judicial power of the United States, the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction is only appellate, and is subject to exceptions and regulations by Congress.
The Supreme Court cannot alter the Constitution. The Court’s function is to interpret the Constitution, not to alter or modify it.
The Supreme Court meets on the second Monday in October for a session which generally extends through to July.