Прочитайте текст. There are several advantages to using arbitration as a substitute for litigation. ...: ответ на тест 1105313 - Английский язык

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There are several advantages to using arbitration as a substitute for litigation. For one thing it is much quicker and far less expensive. An issue can be submitted to arbitration and decided in less time than it takes to complete just the pleading phase of a lawsuit. Arbitration also creates less hostility than does litigation, and it allows the parties to continue their business relationship while the dispute is being decided. Finally, under the arbitration process complex issues can be submitted to an expert for decision. For example, if an issue arises concerning construction of a building, by using arbitration it can be submitted to an architect for decision. Besides lawyers other specialists frequently serve as arbitrators; physicians decide issues relating to physical disabilities, certified public accountants decide those regarding the book value of stock, and engineers decide issues relating to industrial production. Of course a substantial amount of arbitration is also conducted by the academic community, especially in the area of labor relations.
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Besides lawyers other specialists frequently serve as …

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Arbitration became common after the Arbitration Act 1697 in England.

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In 1960, Peter Benenson, a British lawyer, read about two students who had been sentenced to seven years’ imprisonment for drinking a toast to freedom during the Salazar dictatorship in Portugal. He joined with others to start a campaign for prisoners of conscience – people who had never used or advocated violence and were simply in prison because of their political or religious beliefs. This was the beginning of Amnesty International, the largest of many organizations in the world which put pressure on governments to observe human rights. By gathering information, creating publicity and writing letters, Amnesty has helped to speed up the release of such prisoners all over the world. It also campaigns for fair trials for political prisoners, an end to torture and inhumane treatment, and the abolition of the death penalty. Amnesty and other groups, such as the Anti-Slavery Society and Index on Censorship, have helped make more and more people aware of the concept of human rights – rights that go beyond the laws of one country.
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This was the beginning of Amnesty International, the largest of many organizations in the world, which put pressure on governments to observe …

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Law is a method of social control – an instrument of social, political, and economic change. Really law is both an instrument of change and a result of changes that take place in our society. It is difficult to determine whether the law brings about changes in our society or whether changes in society bring about a change in the law. In our legal system both are true. The law-responding to the goals, desires, needs, and aspirations of society is in a constant state of change. Sometimes the law changes more rapidly that does the attitude of the majority of society. In this event the law and our legal system provide leadership in bringing about changes.
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Really law is both an instrument of change and a result of changes that take place …

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1_______
2_______,
Following my letter of 15th July I must inform you that we have still not received payment for the outstanding sum of 10000$. Unless we receive payment within seven days we shall have no alternative but 3_______ to recover the money.
In the meantime, your existing credit facilities have been suspended.
Yours sincerely,
4_______

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1_______
Dear Sirs,
2_______ to my previous letter of 3rd March about the overdue payment on your account. We are very concerned that the matter has not yet received your attention.
Clearly, this situation cannot be allowed to continue and we must urge you 3_______ action to settle your account.
4_______,
Tom Smith