Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова. Materials Science and Techno...: ответ на тест 1104923 - Английский язык

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Materials Science and Technology is the study of materials and how they can be fabricated to meet the needs of modern technology. Using the laboratory techniques and knowledge of psychics, chemistry, and metallurgy, scientists are finding new ways of using metals, plastics and other materials.
Engineers must know how materials respond to external forces, such as tension, compression, torsion, bending, and shear. All materials respond to these forces by elastic deformation. That is, the materials return their original size and form when the external force disappears.

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Building construction has its own history, which is marked by a number of trends. Let’s describe some of them. One of these trends is increasing durability of the materials. The first building materials were perishable. We mention leaves, branches and animal hides. Later people began to use more durable natural materials such as clay, stone, timber. Finally, synthetic materials such as bricks, concrete, metals, plastics were used in building.

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In order to have shelter provided with modern services and accommodations, people all over the world use many different construction materials and arrange them into different constructions. Since prehistoric times these constructions have served as shelter and accommodation for a man, a group of people, a family, a few families, many families, an organization, or an enterprise.
What are the branches modern civil construction has? Among the branches the main ones are housing construction, construction of industrial enterprises, construction of railroads, highways, subways, construction of bridges, dams, ports, canals, construction of different sporting facilities.

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Metals began to be widely used as construction materials not so long ago. Before the beginning of the nineteenth century metals played little structural role in the process of building. Mostly they served for joining parts of buildings. The ancient Greeks and Romans are known to use bronze for joining slabs of stone.
It was only in the eighteenth century when the first all-metal structure was built in Europe. It was a cast-iron bridge across the river Severn in England. The strength of the bridge turned out to be so great that now, more than two centuries after its construction, it still carries heavy modern traffic across the Severn.
In the first half of the nineteenth century cast iron and wrought iron were introduced and used for industrial construction in Europe and North America.

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The main functions of windows are light and ventilation. 1_______. In those faraway days windows were frequently produced in shops. 2_______. What are the necessary components of a window? 3_______. The area of glass in windows of different types is determined according to the regulations. 4_______.

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Prestressed concrete is a relatively young product. 1_______. The reason of its popularity is its usefulness. 2_______. In prestressed concrete, concrete is combined with steel. 3_______. For this reason any member of beam is under constant compression and as a result has no cracks. 4_______.