Вопрос № 1072399 - Английский язык

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General Elections to the House of Commons are held after Parliament has been dissolved, either by the Queen or because the maximum term between elections – five years – has expired. The decision on when to hold a general election is made by the Prime Minister. Britain is divided into constituencies, each of which returns one MP to the House of Commons. The British electoral system is based on the relative majority method – sometimes called the “first past the post” principle – which means the candidate with more votes than any other is elected.
All British citizens together with citizens of other Commonwealth countries and citizens of the Irish Republic living in Britain may vote, provided they are 18 years or over and not legally barred from voting. People not entitled to vote include prisoners, members of the House of Lords, and those kept in hospital for mental disorders.
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What does the relative majority method mean?

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The House of Commons
1. The House of Commons, the centre of parliamentary power, is directly responsible to the electorate. From the 20lh century the House of Lords has recognised the supremacy of the elected chamber. The House of Commons is traditionally regarded as the lower house, but it is the main parliamentary arena for political battle. A Government can only remain in office for as long as it has the support of a majority in the House of Commons.
2. New legislation usually starts in this House which has primacy over the non-elected House of Lords. «Money bills», concerned solely with taxation and public expenditure, are always introduced in the Commons and must be passed by the Lords promptly and without amendment. When the two houses disagree on a non-money bill, the elected chamber prevails.
3. A Member of Parliament (MP) is elected by a particular area or constituency in Britain to represent them in the House of Commons. MPs have many duties that involve them in different activities. A lot of MPs’ work has nothing to do with voting in Parliament. MPs are there to help people and to try to make sure their rights under the law are not violated. Some MPs hold an advice bureau in their constituencies, where people can go for help and recommendation.
4. The presiding officer in the House of Commons is the Speaker. He is responsible for ensuring that the rules laid down by the House for the carrying out of its business are observed. He acts as the House's representative in its relations with outside bodies and the other elements of Parliament such as the Lords and the Monarch. The Speaker is elected by MPs in the House of Commons but then ceases to be involved in party politics. Even after retirement a former Speaker shall not take part in political issues.
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The House of Commons is called «the elected chamber» because its members are elected by …

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Legislative power in Russia is vested in the two chambers of the Federal Assembly. The bicameral Federal Assembly, made up of the State Duma and the Federation Council, adopts federal law, declares war, approves treaties, and has power of impeachment, by which it can remove the President. The Upper Chamber is the Federation Council; the Lower Chamber is the State Duma. Each chamber is headed by the Speaker. Legislature may be initiated in either of the two Chambers, but to become a law a bill must be approved by both Chambers and signed by the President. The President may veto the bill.

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In Los Angeles municipal courts, I did see judges and prosecutors carefully explaining to all defendants the charges against them, and informing them clearly of their rights. It was in keeping with the whole atmosphere of that city’s municipal courts. Throughout the country there are good law courts, conscientiously run and decently conducted, and Los Angeles is an outstanding example. Here the courtrooms are clean and well kept.
There is little complaint that the judges do not spend enough time in court.

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The magistrates’ court is the most common type of law court in the United Kingdom. The court system is dependent upon the legal profession to make it work. England is almost unique in having two different kinds of lawyers, with separate jobs in the legal system. 1_______. Each branch has its own characteristic functions and a separate governing body.
The traditional picture of the English lawyer is that the solicitor is the general practitioner, confined mainly to the office. The solicitor is the legal adviser of the public. 2_______. The barrister is the specialist adviser much of whose time is taken up with court-room appearance. 3_______. In court, barristers wear wigs and gowns in keeping with the extreme formality of the proceedings.
4_______.

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The profession of a lawyer is one of the most popular professions among the young people. 1_______.
Almost all universities and academies of Russia have a faculty of Law. 2_______. To be a good specialist, a lawyer should know many laws and their proper application. So the curriculum of the law school includes many compulsory and optional subjects important for their future work. Thus, first-year students study such subjects as philosophy, psychology, history of Russia, foreign language, mathematics, computer, sociology, Latin, history of religion, economics, and others.
3_______.
Graduates of any law high school can work in different courts, in notary offices, at the Bar, in organs of militia, in organs of the prosecutor’s office, in organs of tax inspection, as well as in different banks, companies, and enterprises, and firms. 4_______.