Вопрос № 223169 - Английский язык

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The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called packet switching. Owing to this technology, if some computers on the network are knocked out (by a nuclear explosion, for example), information will just route around them. One such packet-switching network already survived a war. It was the Iraqi computer network which was not knocked out during the Gulf War.

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The Internet originated in the early 1970s when the United States wanted to make sure that people could communicate after a nuclear war. This needed a free and independent communication network without a centre and it led to a network of computers that could send each other e-mail through cyberspace.

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As a form of international communication, the Internet has been in constant expansion since 1973, when the ARPAnet was first connected to the United Kingdom and Norway. Much of northern Europe was connected to the Net in the early 1980s. Japan and Canada soon followed suit. A special link was established between Germany and China at about the same time. And then in the late 1980s the real growth began as Australia, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Mexico, New Zealand and Puerto Rico joined the Net.

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Videoconferencing: This is communicating via a live video link over the Internet. Conferencing and telephony applications usually cost no more to use than a local phone call, whether you are speaking to someone across town or on the other side of the world. However, they require a very fast, stable connection to the Net, special software; and of course, a video camera, microphone and speakers. Teachers have been making active use of this technology for several years now, especially in distance education and cross-curricular project work.

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If you travel frequently, or want to read your e-mail in several different locations, you might want to register with one of the hundreds of companies that provide e-mail access through the Web. There is no charge for this service, since advertisers cover most of the operating costs, but there are two definite drawbacks to using Web-based e-mail. Firstly, the services are so popular that access to your mail can be very slow, and
secondly, because you must usually be online to use the service, you will be paying telephone and ISP charges for the entire time it takes you to read and reply to your messages.

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The customary way of using e-mail is by getting the service from your Internet Service Provider. Most ISPs offer you several e-mail accounts and the software to access them as part of their connections package. This is called POP mail. The only time you need to be online is to retrieve or send new messages. You can read and write the replies while you are disconnected from the Internet, saving lots of time and expense.