Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами The laser beam is 1_____________...: ответ на тест 56055 - Английский язык

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
The laser beam is 1_____________ by exciting the atoms of a suitable material - ruby is one - until most of the atoms have electrons orbiting in a higher energy level than usual. The excitation is then stopped and all the excited electrons fall back together, to their 2______________ orbits, each one emitting a pulse of light of the same energy. In this way an intense beam of light is generated for a very short time. And every pulse or wave-train in this beam is in step with every other3______________  . In this way a beam of light is obtained which is both monochromatic and coherent and easy to focus. This light is reflected by the mirror at one end of the tube. It can only escape at the other 4______________ of the tube.

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
The laser beam is 1_____________ by exciting the atoms of a suitable material - ruby is one - until most of the atoms have electrons orbiting in a higher energy level than usual. The excitation is then stopped and all the excited electrons fall back together, to their 2______________ orbits, each one emitting a pulse of light of the same energy. In this way an intense beam of light is generated for a very short time. And every pulse or wave-train in this beam is in step with every other3______________. In this way a beam of light is obtained which is both monochromatic and coherent and easy to focus. This light is reflected by the mirror at one end of the tube. It can only escape at the other 4______________ of the tube.

Заполните пропуск
The person who handles applications for vacant posts is _____.

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Landmark Inventions of the Millennium
1. The last 1,000 years have produced an incredible number and variety of scientific and technological breakthroughs – but which of these were the most important? Narrowing a list of the thousands of inventions made since the year 1000 to the ten greatest requires some exact criteria. The qualifying inventions either provided radically new ways to do an important job, or they made possible tasks that were previously unimagined. Their impact was felt, if not right away then eventually, by a large portion of humanity. These developments have made possible significant new technological innovations and scientific discoveries. And finally, they have had an enduring effect on the world.
2. The inventions that meet these criteria, in chronological order, are the compass, the mechanical clock, the glass lens, the printing press, the steam engine, the telegraph, electric power, wireless communications, antibiotics, and the transistor. Missing from this list are many extremely significant technological advances, including the airplane, telephone, automobile, and computer. In many cases these inventions were omitted because they are based on earlier developments or breakthroughs.
3. In considering the ten most significant inventions of the past 1,000 years, a subtle distinction must be made: the difference between «invention» and «discovery» is not as clear as one might think. A discovery can be as simple as the observation of a previously unnoticed phenomenon, while an invention is a human-devised machine, tool, or apparatus that did not previously exist.
Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are referred to as lawyers, the word really describes a person who has become officially qualified to act in certain legal matters because of examinations he has taken and professional experience he has gained. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor, or a judge. In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, and once appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers. Solicitors do much of the initial preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as handling legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their client’s case. In general, it can be said that barrister spends more of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicitor spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents.
Основной идеей текста является …

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Modern Architecture
1. Modern architecture is the term universally applied to the style of building, which evolved a number of countries after the First World War as the International Style and which has culminated in the current design of glass, concrete and steel based on module construction presently being erected all over the world.
2. In the early 20th century an instinctive desire of architects to break away from the confusions and contrivances of the 19th century, and their efforts to introduce a style which responded to new social needs and exploited new materials led to the changed appearance of buildings; simple rectangular outlines; avoidance of symmetry; absence of applied ornament; flat roofs and white walls, resulting from the use of reinforced concrete, now the favorite material; large windows, which new structural techniques permitted, but which were encouraged also by the spirit of the times, which believed in opening up the interiors of buildings to light and air.
3. Until the 1930s, Germany was the main center of new architecture because of the presence there of a unifying institution, the Bauhaus, a college of design, which became synonymous with modern teaching methods in architecture.
4. In the years after 1945 the emphasis was on town-planning and housing. This was the era of new towns, vast housing estates. In matters of architectural style, it became less a question of conflict between period revival and modern design than between buildings designed for effect and those that aimed at the creation of a modern vernacular and a humane and harmonious environment. The Modern Movement cannot be said to have had a clear historical end. It always exited concurrently with other ways of designing.
Ответьте на вопрос:
What were the main reasons of the appearance of modern architecture?