Вопрос № 224047 - Английский язык

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Banking and 1_________ market operations in Britain involve a number of special institutions and financial 2_________ which, as a result of deregulation and new legislative frameworks, are increasingly integrating. Many 3_________ and financial institutions are unique to Britain and offer highly specialized 4_________ to individuals, companies and sovereign bodies all over the world.

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Banking and financial 1_________ operations in Britain involve a number of special institutions and 2_________ markets which, as a result of deregulation and new legislative frameworks, are increasingly integrating. Many 3_________ and financial institutions are unique to Britain and offer highly specialized 4_________ to individuals, companies and sovereign bodies all over the world.

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The World Bank is the world’s foremost intergovernmental 1___________ concerned with the external financing of the economic growth of developing 2__________. The official title of the institution is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).
Before recommending a Bank loan, the staff of the Bank must be reasonably satisfied that the productivity of the borrowing country will be 3___________ and that the prospects for repayment are good. A country must be judged creditworthy. Engineering investigations are frequently carried out to determine the probable relation of a proposed project to benefits and costs. Increasingly, however, the Bank has shifted somewhat away from project lending (e.g., for a dam or a highway or a port); it has become concerned with 4___________ and other human services, the environment, and, through structural adjustment loans, the modification of governmental policies that are thought to have impeded long-run growth.

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The World Bank has paid increasing 1__________ to the evaluation of previous lending. Recently, moreover, it has acceded to the requests of the American secretary of the treasury to help to ease the huge, 2___________, largely commercial-bank debt.
Voting power in the Bank (as well as in the Fund) is determined by the size of each member nation’s subscription. Subscriptions, in turn, are based on a formula that takes into account such variables as the value of each nation’s foreign 3___________ and its total output. Ultimate power, through weighted voting, rests with the Board of Governors of the Bank (and the Fund). The governors meet annually in 4__________. The day-to-day affairs of the Bank are determined, however, by executive directors who live permanently in Washington, D.C.

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Because of the size of the World Bank’s subscriptions, five nations - the United States, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, and France - are entitled to appoint executive 1___________; the remaining seventeen directors are elected by some combination of the votes of the other nations. There are 156 members 2___________, but, with the independence of the Baltic States and the devolution of the Soviet Union into separate republics, the membership could increase to over 170, thereby including all the independent nations in the world.
The Soviet Union was one of the forty-four governments whose representatives signed the original Bretton Woods agreements, but along with the other members of the Warsaw Pact, it chose not to 3__________ the Bank or the Fund when these organizations were formally incorporated in 1946. (Poland and Czechoslovakia joined the Bank and the Fund initially but withdrew when the 4__________ war began in earnest and a loan to Poland was blocked by the United States.)

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In 1954, an International Finance Corporation was established to supplement the World Bank by participating in equity 1__________ in member countries, and in 1960, a third organization, the International Development Association (IDA), was created. These three 2___________ constitute the World Bank Group. The IDA has the same officers and 3___________ as the World Bank, but its separate charter enables it to offer loans to low-income member countries repayable at 0.75 percent interest over 50 4_________ (including 10 years’ grace).