Вопрос № 1072718 - Английский язык

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International trade of food was practiced in the ancient world. In the Middle Ages the trade in salt and wine 1_______ the breakdown of many of the traditional trade routs. Trade with the Far East – for spice crops such as cinnamon and pepper, and later for tea – was 2_______ trade of the 16th and 17th centuries. Lately the demand for cocoa and for vegetable oils with which to make margarine, has been of equal importance. Improved 3_______ of storing and of preserving have revolutionized food industry in the last century. In the Middle Ages it was difficult even to store corn. Better warehousing was 4_______; but it was not until 1850 that the principle of refrigeration was discovered.

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New foods are not always given an immediate welcome. For example, the potato, though introduced to England in the 17th century, did not become a national staple food until the 19th century. The tomato, which began to be consumed in very large quantities in England only from about 1880, took several years to establish itself.
Certain peoples have certain food taboos, that is, foods which are not eaten usually because of religious law. Many tribes in Africa and America do not eat pork, Hindus do not eat beef. The Chinese, by tradition, have not been milk-drinkers, and their recipes for cooking have remained unchanged for thousands of years.
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What don’t Hindus eat?

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In 1878 the first cargo of frozen mutton 1_______ in London. The recent development of deep-freezing now makes it possible to store 2________ foods for very long periods of time. In the Middle Ages the methods of curing, pickling, preserving with sugar, and fermenting were all in use, but canning food was unknown. Then were experiments with canning in France during the Napoleonic Wars, and in the early 19th century canned foodstuffs were prepared for exporters and 3_______; but canned food was not in general use until the 20th century. At the same time there was an4_______ in the number and consumption of synthetic foods, e.g. margarine.

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Some historians divide the whole history of mankind into four phases: of hunting and fishing, of sheep and cattle tending, of agriculture, and of industry. For modern man all four phases of activity exist side by side; but prehistoric man hunted or collected all his food. Agricultural history is the story of how man gradually moved from the first to the latest phase. The latest industrial phase has brought about both the greatest increase in the production of food and also the most effective system of distributing it.
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Who hunted or collected all food?

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New foods are not always given an immediate welcome. For example, the potato, though introduced to England in the 17th century, did not become a national staple food until the 19th century. The tomato, which began to be consumed in very large quantities in England only from about 1880, took several years to establish itself.
Certain peoples have certain food taboos, that is, foods which are not eaten usually because of religious law. Many tribes in Africa and America do not eat pork, Hindus do not eat beef. The Chinese, by tradition, have not been milk-drinkers, and their recipes for cooking have remained unchanged for thousands of years.
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What don’t Hindus eat?

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At the dawn of history we find man practicing the most elementary methods of modifying soil conditions. He broke up the surface and prepared a seed-bed, using for this purpose the most primitive of all cultivating devices, a digging implement like a hoe. In early times the principal crops were cereals and flax.
By the 19th century such a complexity of implements had been introduced as to justify the term «agricultural machinery». In agriculture, as in industry, the use first of water-power and then of steam had immensely stimulated the invention of machinery or replacing manual labour.  A threshing-machine was invested late in the 18th century and was gradually coming into use early in the 19th. It was driven by water or wind, sometimes by horse labour and later by steam. The mowing-machine, the self-binder and the potato-digger had been developed in the first instance for horse or manual labour.
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What stimulated the invention of machinery?