Вопрос № 1077958 - Английский язык

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AIDS
1. AIDS is a sickness that attacks the body’s natural system against disease. AIDS itself doesn’t kill, but because the body’s defence system is damaged, the patient has a reduced ability to fight off many other diseases, including flu or the common cold. Since its discovery, AIDS has caused nearly 30 million deaths (as of 2009). As of 2010, approximately 34 million people are living with HIV globally. AIDS is considered a pandemic – a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading. Africa and South America are the continents where AIDS is most rampant.
2. So far there is no cure for AIDS. We know that AIDS is caused by a virus which invades healthy cells, including the white blood cells that are part of our defence system. The virus takes control of the healthy cells genetic material and forces the cell to make a copy of the virus. The cell then dies and the multiplied virus moves on to invade and kill other healthy cells.
3. The AIDS virus can be passed on sexually or by sharing needles used to inject drugs. It also can be passed in blood products or from a pregnant woman with AIDS to her baby. Many stories about the spread of AIDS are false. One cannot get AIDS by working with someone who’s got it, or by going to the same school, or by touching objects belonging to or touched by an infected person. Nobody caring for an AIDS patient has developed AIDS.
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AIDS
1. AIDS is a sickness that attacks the body’s natural system against disease. AIDS itself doesn’t kill, but because the body’s defence system is damaged, the patient has a reduced ability to fight off many other diseases, including flu or the common cold. Since its discovery, AIDS has caused nearly 30 million deaths (as of 2009). As of 2010, approximately 34 million people are living with HIV globally. AIDS is considered a pandemic – a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading. Africa and South America are the continents where AIDS is most rampant.
2. So far there is no cure for AIDS. We know that AIDS is caused by a virus which invades healthy cells, including the white blood cells that are part of our defence system. The virus takes control of the healthy cells genetic material and forces the cell to make a copy of the virus. The cell then dies and the multiplied virus moves on to invade and kill other healthy cells.
3. The AIDS virus can be passed on sexually or by sharing needles used to inject drugs. It also can be passed in blood products or from a pregnant woman with AIDS to her baby. Many stories about the spread of AIDS are false. One cannot get AIDS by working with someone who’s got it, or by going to the same school, or by touching objects belonging to or touched by an infected person. Nobody caring for an AIDS patient has developed AIDS.
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Poliomyelitis
1. Poliomyelitis is an acute, viral, infectious disease spread from person to person, primarily via the fecal-oral route. The term means inflammation of the spinal cord’s grey matter, although a severe infection can extend into the brainstem and even higher structures, resulting in polioencephalitis, producing apnea that requires mechanical assistance such as an iron lung.
2. Although approximately 90% of polio infections cause no symptoms at all, affected individuals can exhibit a range of symptoms if the virus enters the blood stream. In about 1% of cases, the virus enters the central nervous system, preferentially infecting and destroying motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and acute flaccid paralysis. Different types of paralysis may occur, depending on the nerves involved. Spinal polio is the most common form, characterized by asymmetric paralysis that most often involves the legs. Bulbar polio leads to weakness of muscles innervated by cranial nerves. Bulbospinal polio is a combination of bulbar and spinal paralysis.
3. Poliomyelitis was first recognized as a distinct condition by Jakob Heine in 1840. Its causative agent, poliovirus, was identified in 1908 by Karl Landsteiner. Although major polio epidemics were unknown before the late 19th century, polio was one of the most dreaded childhood diseases of the 20th century. Polio epidemics have crippled thousands of people, mostly young children; the disease has caused paralysis and death for much of human history. Polio had existed for thousands of years quietly as an endemic pathogen until the 1880s, when major epidemics began to occur in Europe; soon after, widespread epidemics appeared in the United States.
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When did people reveal the pathogen of poliomyelitis?

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A vitamin
1. A vitamin is an organic compound required by an organism as a vital nutrient in limited amounts. An organic chemical compound is called a vitamin when it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet.
2. Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Some have hormone-like functions as regulators of mineral metabolism (such as vitamin D), or regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation (such as some forms of vitamin A). Others function as antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E and sometimes vitamin C). The largest number of vitamins (such as B complex vitamins) functions as precursors for enzyme cofactors that help enzymes in their work as catalysts in metabolism.
3. Until the mid-1930s, when the first commercial yeast-extract vitamin B complex and semi-synthetic vitamin C supplement tablets were sold, vitamins were obtained solely through food intake, and changes in diet (which, for example, could occur during a particular growing season) usually greatly altered the types and amounts of vitamins ingested. However, vitamins have been produced as commodity chemicals and made widely available as inexpensive semisynthetic and synthetic-source multivitamin dietary and food supplements and additives, since the middle of the 20th century.
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Biology of Psychiatric Disorders
1. Psychiatric disorders are a diverse group of brain disorders with symptoms that primarily involve emotion, higher cognitive function, and the ability to control complex behaviors.
2. The major psychiatric disorders are common and often run a chronic course. The chronic disorders include anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia. Other psychiatric disorders such as depressive disorders recur across the life span, but even bipolar disorder, classically characterized as episodic, can run a chronic course.
3. The symptoms of psychiatric disorders often begin early, impairing the ability of children and adolescents to learn and compromising the functioning of adults at work and in other life roles. As a result of their high prevalence, early onset, and persistence, psychiatric disorders contribute substantially to the burden of illness in all countries in which they have been studied. In the United States they are not only a leading cause of disability but also a significant cause of premature death, because mood disorders, schizophrenia, and to some extent other psychiatric disorders constitute the most potent risk factors for suicide, a leading cause of death worldwide.
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Blood glucose level
1. The blood sugar concentration or blood glucose level is the amount of glucose (sugar) present in the blood of a human or animal. The body naturally tightly regulates blood glucose levels as a part of metabolic homeostasis.
2. Glucose is the primary source of energy for the body’s cells, and blood lipids (in the form of fats and oils) are primarily a compact energy store. Glucose is transported from the intestines or liver to body cells via the bloodstream, and is made available for cell absorption via the hormone insulin, produced by the body primarily in the pancreas.
3. The mean normal blood glucose level in humans is about 5.5 mmol/L; however, this level fluctuates throughout the day. Glucose levels are usually lowest in the morning, before the first meal of the day (termed «the fasting level»), and rise after meals for an hour or two by a few millimolar.
4. Blood sugar levels outside the normal range may be an indicator of a medical condition. A persistently high level is referred to as hyperglycemia; low levels are referred to as hypoglycemia. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, and is the most prominent disease related to failure of blood sugar regulation. Intake of alcohol causes an initial surge in blood sugar, and later tends to cause levels to fall. Also, certain drugs can increase or decrease glucose levels.
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