Вопрос № 1072684 - Английский язык

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The UK is a monarchy and has a parliamentary government. This means that there is no clear-cut separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches. The ministers of the executive branch are drawn from the legislative body (Parliament) and are accountable to that body. In such a system, the head of government is both chief executive and chief legislator.
Parliament, the law-making body (legislature) of the British people, consists of three elements: the Monarch, or Sovereign (King or Queen), and the Houses of Parliament constituted by an elected House of Commons and an appointed House of Lords. They meet in the Palace of Westminster together only on occasions of ceremonial significance, such as the state opening of Parliament, although the agreement of all three is necessary for legislation.
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What does Parliament consist of?

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Checks and Balances
1. The U.S. Constitution establishes three branches for the federal government: executive, legislative, and judicial. The three branches work together to help the country. Each branch has its own responsibilities and powers. No branch has more power than the other branches. They have balanced powers. Each branch has separate duties to check the powers of the other branches.
2. When a new state – the USA – was born, the Founders of the state thought that if there was no balance of power among different branches of government it would lead to tyranny. The problem was how to create a system of government with balanced powers. That’s why James Madison (1751 – 1836) favored the constitution that limited government by means of a) separation of powers; b) a system of checks and balances, where checks – limitation of the duties of each branch, and balances – separate powers to each branch.
3. Congress has the power to make laws, but the President may veto any act of Congress. Congress, in its turn, can pass a law over a veto by a two-thirds vote in each house. Congress can also refuse to provide funds requested by the President. The President can appoint important officials of his administration, but they must be approved by the Senate. The President also has the power to name all federal judges: they, too, must be approved by the Senate.
4.  The system of checks and balances makes compromise and consensus necessary. This system protects against extremes. It means, for example, that new presidents cannot radically change governmental policies just as they wish.
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The House of Commons consists of 659 elected members called Members of Parliament or MPs. Its main purpose is to make laws by passing Acts of Parliament, as well as to discuss current political issues. Elections to the House of Commons are an important part of Britain’s democratic system. The officer who presides over debates in the House of Commons is called the Speaker. He is responsible for determining which members may speak and maintaining order during debate.
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The House of Lords consists of around 1,270 non-elected members (hereditary peers and peeresses, life peers and peeresses and two archbishops and 24 senior bishops of the Church of England). Its main legislative function is to examine and revise bills from the Commons. It also acts as the final court of appeal. The Lords usually cannot normally prevent a bill from becoming law if the Commons insists on it.
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In Cleveland, a municipal judge who had been criticized for not spending enough time in 1_______ waved his arm around his chambers, and said to me, “Would you spend time here if you were a 2_______?” The dingy cubicle 3_______ a small desk and two extra chairs, one a rickety rocker, the sun spotlighted in through a single unshaded window. The voters of Cleveland had just defeated a bond issue for 4_______ courthouse facilities.

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All genuine democracies have free and open elections. Free 1_______ give people the chance to choose their leaders and to voice their opinions on various issues. 2_______ elections also help ensure that public officials pay attention to the wishes of the people. Representative democracy 3_______ that laws enacted in the legislatures represent the will of the majority of lawmakers. Because these 4_______ are elected by the people, the laws are accepted by the people.