Вопрос № 800580 - Английский язык

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Materials used for construction purposes possess different properties. They differ in durability, strength, weight, fire- and decay-resistance and, naturally, cost.
Wood, timber, brick, stone, concrete, metals, and plastics belong to the most popular building materials used nowadays. They all have their advantages and disadvantages that are taken into account when designing a structure.

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Brick, stone, and timber are known to be the oldest building materials. Bricks belong to artificial (man-made) materials. Their production started in prehistoric times. Since then they have been produced and tested in all types of climate and in many countries. Thousands of years ago the builders in Egypt already knew the advantages of bricks and used them for construction. In those days the production of bricks was quite different from the modern one. Bricks were produced not by burning but by drying in the sun, as it was much sunshine in Egypt all the year round. Brick work was also popular in Rome, there being very few growing forests and as a result little timber there.

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Metals began to be widely used as construction materials not so long ago. Before the beginning of the nineteenth century metals played little structural role in the process of building. Mostly they served for joining parts of buildings. The ancient Greeks and Romans are known to use bronze for joining slabs of stone.

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Concrete is produced by combining coarse and fine aggregates, Portland cement, and water. Coarse aggregate is generally gravel or crushed stone, and fine aggregate is sand. Cement, sand, gravel, and water are taken in proportional amounts and mixed. The quality of concrete depends mostly on the quality of the cement used. The process of production consists in pouring the mixed components into forms and holding them until they harden. The process of hardening generally lasts about 28 days.

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There exist different ways of producing concrete. It can be produced by mixing the ingredients and pouring the mixture into position on the very site of building. Concrete can also be produced in a factory, and used as a material for manufacturing prefabricated blocks. Accordingly, there exist the so-called in-situ (cast-in-place) concrete and precast concrete.

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The Tay Bridge in Scotland was designed and built by Sir Thomas Bouch. 1_______. The bridge, which was over 3 kilometres long, opened in 1878 and fell down in a winter storm in 1879. 2_______.
There was the enquiry into the Tay Bridge disaster to find out why the accident happened. One of the constructions was that the design and construction were based on quickly and cheaply it could be built. Safety and strength were not thought about properly. 3___________ . Also, the design was based on experience rather than the more scientific and accurate calculations used today. 4___________. The results confirm that the design of the bridge was definitely substandard.