Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения. Marketing people do not ...: ответ на тест 1072355 - Английский язык

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Marketing people do not like to admit that they have anything to do with sales, but, obviously, the whole purpose of marketing is to create a situation in which a sale can be made.
Buying, selling, market research, transportation, storage, advertising – these are all parts of the complex area of business known as marketing. In simple terms, marketing means the movement of goods and services from manufacturer to customer in order to satisfy the customer and to achieve the company’s objectives.

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The product element of marketing refers to the goods or services that a company wants to sell. Next, a company considers the price to charge for its product. There are three pricing options the company may take: above, with or below the prices that its competitors are charging. Most companies sell their goods or services for average prices established by major producers in the industry.
The third element of the marketing process – placement – involves getting the product to the customer. This takes place through the channels of distribution. A common channel of distribution is: manufacturer –> wholesaler –> retailer –> customer.
Wholesalers generally sell large quantities of a product to retailers, and retailers usually sell smaller quantities to customers.
Finally, communication about the product takes place between a buyer and a seller and is known as promotion. There are two major ways of promotion: 1) through personnel selling, as in a department store; 2) and through advertising, as in a newspaper or magazine, etc.

Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
The product element of marketing refers to the goods or services that a company wants to sell. Next, a company considers the price to charge for its product. There are three pricing options the company may take: above, with or below the prices that its competitors are charging. Most companies sell their goods or services for average prices established by major producers in the industry.
The third element of the marketing process – placement – involves getting the product to the customer. This takes place through the channels of distribution. A common channel of distribution is: manufacturer –> wholesaler –> retailer –> customer.
Wholesalers generally sell large quantities of a product to retailers, and retailers usually sell smaller quantities to customers.
Finally, communication about the product takes place between a buyer and a seller and is known as promotion. There are two major ways of promotion: 1) through personnel selling, as in a department store; 2) and through advertising, as in a newspaper or magazine, etc.

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One definition of business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for a profit. To examine this definition, we will look at its various parts.
1_______. One example is the conversion of iron ore into metal car parts. Next, these products need to be moved from the factory to the marketplace. 2_______. A car might be moved from a factory in Detroit to a car dealership in Miami.
3_______. Sale is the exchange of a product or service for money. A car is sold to someone in exchange for money. Goods are products which people either need or want; for example, cars can be classified as goods. 4_______. For instance, an auto mechanic performs a service when he repairs a car. A doctor also performs a service by taking care of people when they are sick.

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Many office workers dream of working their way up to the top from messenger to president of the corporation. The way lies through middle management positions. 1_______. At the very top are senior executives, who establish the policies for their companies, especially those that involve finances. 2_______.
It is still possible to start out at the bottom and go all the way to the top. Because the financial operation of business is so important, some accountants become top executives. 3_______. Nowadays, however, education plays a central role in the selection of men and women for management jobs. Many US universities have courses in business administration. 4_______. From there, they can easily get promoted if they show the necessary personality and ability.

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American specialists who work as economists have usually a graduate degree in economics either a master’s degree or а Ph.D. About half of them are academic economists, who are engaged in teaching, writing and doing research in colleges and universities. 1_______.
The other half of this profession works for business or government. 2_______. Some business economists work for private organisations, helping them prepare their arguments to try to affect tax laws, regulations, etc. which are important to particular branches oЈ industries.
Government economists also perform a variety of useful tasks. 3_______. Economists forecast tax revenues and interest rates, analyse who gains and who loses from particular changes, monitor prices, compute total output and perform other useful tasks in the public sector.
4_______.