Вопрос № 1072261 - Английский язык

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Organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon. It is called “organic” because scientists used to think that these compounds were found only in living things or fossils. However, vast numbers of different carbon-containing compounds can now be produced artificially in laboratories and factories, for use in industry. For example, drugs, plastics, and pesticides are all synthetic organic substances. About 4.5 million of the 5 million compounds known today contain carbon.
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What is organic chemistry?

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                                                    Agriculture
1. Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key implement in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. Agriculture is also observed in certain species of ant and termite, but generally speaking refers to human activities.
2. The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years, and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates, cultures, and technologies. However, all farming generally relies on techniques to expand and maintain the lands suitable for raising domesticated species. For plants, this usually requires some form of irrigation, although there are methods of dryland farming; pastoral herding on rangeland is still the most common means of raising livestock. In the developed world, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture has become the dominant system of modern farming.
3. Modern agronomy, plant breeding, pesticides and fertilizers, and technological improvements have sharply increased yields from cultivation, but at the same time have caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health effects. Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry such as intensive pig farming have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about animal cruelty and the health effects of the antibiotics, growth hormones, and other chemicals commonly used in industrial meat production.
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How do modern agricultural techniques influence our life?

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Livestock require protection from severe weather so they can maintain satisfactory growth and reproduction. Some livestock need only a windbreak or a shade tree shelter. Others live in climate-controlled buildings where the humidity, light, sound level, temperature, and ventilation are precisely regulated. Livestock raised in climate-controlled buildings are usually kept in small groups to reduce competition and fighting. The design of the buildings allows the animals to stay dry and clean.

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Various organs of livestock supply drugs used by a great number of people. Animal fat can be processed and made into livestock feed and soap. Manufacturers use the feathers of ducks and geese in making bedding. Every year, livestock produce tons of body wastes that are used to fertilize the soil. This organic fertilizer increases the growth and food production of many plants. Horses were once widely used as work animals on farms. But automated farm equipment has replaced horses for farm work in most parts of the world. Today, people use horses primarily for recreational riding and for racing.

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Tractors occupy an important place on the farm as a source of power. On many farms they, together with trucks or trailers, have entirely displaced horses for farm work. An advantage of tractors power over the horse is that tractor can be used continuously for heavy work. In addition to pulling implements like ploughs and cultivators, a tractor may be used with implements for bush-cleaning, ditch-filling and land-leveling. Small tractors from 1 to 10 horse-power, fitted with single-or twin cylinder petrol engines, may be used for garden and orchard work.

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At the beginning of the 20th century mechanization of such basic processes as ploughing, sowing, grain-harvesting was still by no means complete. Now we can say that it is. The thing now is the full-scale mechanization of jobs requiring more intricate machinery, such as harvesting of sugar-beets, cotton, mowing of hay crops, silaging and livestock care. Today our collective and state farms are able to obtain high yields of crops and animal produce because they work in close contact with science. At the dawn of history we find man practicing the most elementary methods of modifying soil conditions. He broke up the surface and prepared a seed-bed, using for this purpose the most primitive of all cultivating devices, a digging implement like a hoe. In early times the principal crops were cereals and flax.