Вопрос № 1088120 - Английский язык

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Neoclassical Economics
1. The most remarkable feature of neoclassical economics is that it reduces many broad categories of market phenomena to considerations of individual choice and, in this way, suggests that the science of economics can be firmly grounded on the basic individual act of subjectively choosing among alternatives.
2. Neoclassical economics began with the so-called marginalist revolution in value theory that emerged toward the end of the nineteenth century. Strictly speaking, neoclassical economics is not a school of thought (in the sense of a well-defined group of economists following a single great master) but more a loose amalgam of subschools of thought, each revolving around such acknowledged masters as Alfred Marshall in England, Leon Walras in France, and Carl Menger in Austria.
3. In England there was established the Cambridge school – a variant of neoclassical economics that stressed continuity with the past achievements of the classical school. In France, the general equilibrium school was founded in 1874. This subschool investigated the mathematical conditions under which all markets could be in equilibrium simultaneously. The Austrian subschool focused on the essential problems of economic organization.
4. What these subschools have in common is the importance they attach to explaining the coordinating features of market processes in terms of plans and subjective evaluations carried out by individuals in the market subject to the constraints of technological knowledge, social custom and practice, and scarcity of resources.
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What caused the beginning of neoclassical economics?

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                                                 Neoclassical Economics
1. The most remarkable feature of neoclassical economics is that it reduces many broad categories of market phenomena to considerations of individual choice and, in this way, suggests that the science of economics can be firmly grounded on the basic individual act of subjectively choosing among alternatives.
2. Neoclassical economics began with the so-called marginalist revolution in value theory that emerged toward the end of the nineteenth century. Strictly speaking, neoclassical economics is not a school of thought (in the sense of a well-defined group of economists following a single great master) but more a loose amalgam of subschools of thought, each revolving around such acknowledged masters as Alfred Marshall in England, Leon Walras in France, and Carl Menger in Austria.
3. In England there was established the Cambridge school – a variant of neoclassical economics that stressed continuity with the past achievements of the classical school. In France, the general equilibrium school was founded in 1874. This subschool investigated the mathematical conditions under which all markets could be in equilibrium simultaneously. The Austrian subschool focused on the essential problems of economic organization.
4. What these subschools have in common is the importance they attach to explaining the coordinating features of market processes in terms of plans and subjective evaluations carried out by individuals in the market subject to the constraints of technological knowledge, social custom and practice, and scarcity of resources.
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What caused the beginning of neoclassical economics?

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Disabled staff
1. If you mention diversity, most people will think you mean avoiding racial or sexual discrimination. However, there are other types of discrimination too. True diversity means making sure that no group of people is prevented from being a member of your staff because of prejudice. Disabled workers are one such group. When we think of a disabled person, we often think of someone with mobility problems who needs to use a wheelchair, but there are other types of disability too, like sight or hearing problems.
2. Disabled staff have skills and experience which can benefit your business.
If you are willing to consider employing a disabled person, this will increase the range of candidates for recruiting staff. On the other hand, if disabled people feel they cannot apply, you may discourage the right person for the job. Not only that, but reports suggest that disabled staff are often very good at creative thinking. This is not surprising, as most of them have to come up with creative solutions to help them in their day-to-day lives. If you are a wheelchair-user who has to travel on the railway, for example, you are likely to be an excellent problem-solver.
3. The changes needed in the workplace for disabled people are often quite small. You may need to make minor changes to the building and possibly some other changes, depending on the type of disability. For example, if you employ someone with sight problems, company documents may be needed in a different format, like a recording or in large print. Finally, it is worth remembering that if you have a diverse workforce, you will probably attract a more diverse range of customers. After all, most disabled people could be your customers as well.
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Credit
1. Credit has been standardized over the years and many stores belong to corporations that won’t allow people to purchase goods unless they pay on the spot with cash, check, or a major credit card. Now big banks control whether you can use credit and how much you can use. Before a bank will allow you to use credit, it must first believe that you can be trusted to repay the amount of credit you use. This is considered financial trustworthiness.
2. Lenders use a number of factors to determine your financial trustworthiness and it’s not based on how long they’ve known your family. Your credit history is one of the most commonly used factors. How you have used credit in the past – your credit history – is considered to be the best way to predict how you will use it in the future. Your credit history is reported in your credit report and measured by your credit score. Lenders also consider your income. Even with a good history of repaying what you borrow, lenders want to know that you actually have the means to pay back the credit you use.
3. For new borrowers without a credit history, lenders may place more importance on your income. They may only give you a small amount of credit to start out with and increase your credit as you demonstrate you can handle it. If you’re a new borrower or you’ve had credit problems in the past, the lender might require someone who has a favorable credit history to co-sign with you. The co-signer essentially agrees to repay credit charges when the other person fails to do so. Both borrowers share credit.
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Financial services
1. More than 35,000 firms compete for investor assets in an ever-changing financial landscape. The top 50 firms generate more than half of revenues in the broadly defined financial planning and advisory business universe. An employer’s financial strength is an essential element in developing a financial planning and advisory practice. In the aftermath of the recent global financial crisis, more investors look for stability and reliability in advisers and their employer firms.
2. Investment advisers and financial planners must develop strong relationships with their clients. Trust between the adviser and client is as indispensable as the products, services, and financial advice provided by the adviser’s firm. High performance contributes to the development of strong client relationships. Satisfied existing clients are the adviser’s best form of advertising and new referrals. Developing new clients while maintaining satisfied existing ones grows the business.
3. Financial services firms continue to create and reorganize new mobile products and technologies with clients in mind. Some financial institutions are developing marketing strategies that reach out to new prospects via mobile phone. In addition, financial services firms are refining their mobile strategies to attract multicultural groups via mobile technology. When the prospective client reads information on his favorite site, the financial institution offers links to products and services that reflect the client’s interests. A click on the link provided starts the process of contact between the financial institution and the client.
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Market Economies
1. In a true market economy the government plays no role in the management of the economy, the government does not intervene in it. The system is based on private enterprise with private ownership of the means of production and private supplies of capital, which can be defined as surplus income available for investment in new business activities. Workers are paid wages by employers according to how skilled they are and how many firms wish to employ them. They spend their wages on the products and services they need. Consumers are willing to spend more on products and services, which are favoured. Firms producing these goods will make more profits and this will persuade more firms to produce these particular goods rather than less favoured ones.
2. Thus, in a market economy consumers decide what is to be produced. Consumers will be willing to pay high prices for products they particularly desire. Firms, which are privately owned, see the opportunity of increased profits and produce the new fashionable and favoured products.
3. Such a system is, at first view, very attractive. The economy adjusts automatically to meet changing demands. No planners have to be employed, which allows more resources to be available for production. Firms tend to be highly competitive in such an environment. New advanced products and low prices are good ways to increase sales and profits. Since all firms are privately owned they try to make the largest profits possible.
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Effective managers invest time and money in themselves to …