Вопрос № 800664 - Английский язык

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In 1958 some scientists started to dig at Зatal Hьyьk in Turkey. They found buildings over 8,000 years old! The scientists found seeds, bones, bowls and pieces of wool. These told them that the people were farmers. They made their clothes from wool and animal skins. They built their houses from mud bricks and they painted the walls. There were no doors or windows; people climbed down through a hole in the roof.

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About 200 years ago explorers in the rain forests of Central America found walls, buildings and giant statues under the trees and plants. The Mayas built hundreds of beautiful towns and cities in the middle of the rainforests, nearly 2,000 years ago. We know the Mayas had wonderful clothes and furniture because pictures on the walls of the buildings show these things. The Mayas knew how to write and how to do maths.

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The most fundamental characteristic of a crime is that it is a punishable offense against society. Consequently, when a crime occurs, society, acting through such employees as the police and prosecutors, attempts to identify, arrest, prosecute, and punish the criminal. These measures are designed to protect society rather than to aid the victim of the crime. Victims of almost all crimes can sue identified criminals for civil damages, but seldom do because it is costly and difficult to collect from such defendants.

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The breach of duty must be proved in a criminal trial. This is the specific conduct by the defendant, which violates the duty. For example, battery is always a crime. Criminal battery is often defined in statutes as “the intentional causing of corporal harm”. Corporal harm means bodily harm. A breach of this duty could be established in a trial by the testimony of a witness who swore that she saw the defendant deliberately punch the victim.

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Criminal intent must be proved in most cases. Criminal intent generally means the defendant intended to commit the act and intended to do evil.
A few crimes do not require criminal intent. These are generally less serious crimes, for which a jail sentence is very unlikely. Traffic offences fall within this classification. You may not have intended to speed or have intended evil but you have still committed this crime.

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Today, statutes of most states fix the age of criminal liability at 18, but the figure ranges from 16 to 19. Statutes often provide that minors as young as 13 or 16 may be tried and punished as adults if they are accused of serious crimes such as murder. Generally, however, what is a crime for adults is juvenile delinquency for minors.