Вопрос № 933227 - Английский язык

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1___________. There are two types: metal alloys and plastic polymers. The metal alloys were made first and they are usually an expensive mixture of titanium and nickel.
2_______:
- plastics that return to their original shape when the temperature changes.
One use is in surgery where plastic threads ‘remember’ the shape of a knot, react to the patient’s body temperature and make themselves into stitches.
- metal alloys  that have a ‘memory’ and can return to their original shape.
 3____________. The implant then expands back to its original shape.
- 4___________.

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The most important metal in industry is iron and its alloy – steel. 1_______. It is strong but corrodes easily through rusting, although stainless and other special steels resist corrosion. 2_______. Steels of low carbon content (mild steels) are quite ductile and are used in the manufacture of sheet iron, wire and pipes. Medium-carbon steels containing from 0.2 to 0.4 per cent carbon are tougher and stronger and are used as structural steels. 3_______. High-carbon steels contain from 0.4 to 1.5 per cent carbon, are hard and brittle and are used in cutting tools,
surgical instruments, razor blades and springs. 4_______.

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1_______. This system was first developed in India in the 3rd century BC. 2_______.
The important innovation in the Arabic system was the use of positional notation, in which individual number symbols assume different values according to their position in the written numeral. 3_______. The symbol 0 makes it possible to differentiate between 11, 101, and 1,001 without the use of additional symbols, and all numbers can be expressed in terms of ten symbols, the numerals from 1 to 9 plus 0. 4_______.

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The inclusion of other elements affects the properties of the steel. Manganese gives extra strength and toughness. Steel containing 4 per cent silicon is used for transformer cores or electromagnets because it has large grains acting like small magnets. The addition of chromium gives extra strength and corrosion resistance, so we can get rust-proof steels. Heating in the presence of carbon or nitrogen-rich materials is used to form a hard surface on steel (case-hardening). High-speed steels, which are extremely important in machine-tools, contain chromium and tungsten plus smaller amounts of vanadium, molybdenum and other metals.
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Steel containing 4 per cent silicon …

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Naval architects are engineers who design and supervise construction of ships. Ships must be designed and built so that they are safe, stable, strong, and fast enough to perform the type of work intended for them. A naval architect must be familiar with the variety of modern shipbuilding.
Marine engineering is a specialized branch of mechanical engineering devoted to the design and operation of systems, both mechanical and electrical, needed to propel a ship. Engineers in this field develop diesel engines and steam turbines that provide enough power to move the ship at the required speed.
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A naval architect must be familiar with …

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Soldering is recommended for making connections on electrical circuits, but it should never be used where strong joints are required. For permanent joints between two dissimilar materials like nylon and metal, it is advisable to use adhesives. For temporary jobs, like fitting a maintenance cover, screw-fastening should always be used. Riveting is recommended for permanent sheet-metal joints such as outer casing fitting. Although welding should always be used for steel support girders, brazing can be used for medium-sized joints where strength is required; for example the joint between the base and body of a hydraulic jack.
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Screw-fastening should always be used for …