Вопрос № 912187 - Английский язык

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Mr. Gavrilov: Is that Mr. Wanes 1_______?
Secretary: Yes.
Mr. Gavrilov: My name’s Gavrilov. 2_______ Mr. Wanes for tomorrow. Could you put it off till 3_______?
Secretary: All right, I’ll find out and confirm it today. Goodbye.
Mr. Gavrilov: 4_______.

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Secretary: Good morning. The English Language Department.
Savelyeva: Good morning. 1_______the exact time of tomorrow’s exam.
Secretary: So sorry, I can’t hear you. 2_______, please?
Savelyeva: Can you hear me better now?
Secretary: Yes, a bit better. Who’s calling?
Savelyeva: My name’s Savelyeva, 3_______.
Secretary: I’m sorry, I didn’t quite catch the name. Could you say it more slowly, please?
Savelyeva: Certainly. But I can hardly hear you now. 4_______. Okay?
Secretary: That’s a good idea!

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Mr. Klimov: One hears over and over again that what a modern enterprise needs in a 1_______. What do you think of the problem?
Mr. Sage: The importance of a good manager can’t be overestimated.
Mr. Klimov: What do you think makes a good manager?
Mr. Sage: First of all 2_______ and personal conduct.
Mr. .Klimov: What personal traits must a good manager have?
Mr. Sage: A good manager must be flexible, 3_______, and keep a sense of proportion. Besides, he must have a leading ability.
Mr. Klimov: I see, and what professional skills should managers have?
Mr. Sage: Managers must know how 4_______ and how to achieve them, how to divide work and how to coordinate the activities of individuals. They must know how to take corrective action if the organization is not progressing towards its goals.
Mr. Klimov: Management is often called the art of getting things done through people. What’s your point of view on the essence of management?
Mr. Sage: The essence of management is to create an environment where individuals, working together, can perform effectively and efficiently. Nowadays managers must be more skilled in handling people.
Mr. Klimov: Yes, managers must understand that human resources are a very important part of any business. The manager’s job is very interesting, isn’t it?
Mr. Sage: Yes, and given the opportunity I would choose the same career, again.

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Case law, or common law, is based on the concept of precedent and the doctrine of stare decisis, which means “to stand by decisions and not to disturb what is settled”. This means that the case has established a precedent. The doctrine of stare decisis must be contrasted with the concept of res adjudicata, which means that the “thing has been decided”. Res adjudicata applies when, between the parties themselves, the matter is closed at the conclusion of the lawsuit. The losing party cannot again ask a court to decide the dispute. Stare decisis means that a court of competent jurisdiction has decided a controversy and has, in a written opinion, set forth the rule or principle that formed the basis for its decision, so that rule or principle will be followed by the court in deciding subsequent cases. Likewise, subordinate courts in the same jurisdiction will be bound by the rule of law set forth in the decision. Stare decisis, then, affects persons who are not parties to the lawsuit, but res adjudicata applies only to the parties involved.

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In many countries a distinction is made between private (or civil) and public law. Civil law concerns disputes among citizens within a country, and public law concerns disputes between citizens and the state, or between one state and another.
The main categories of English civil law are:
– Law of Contracts: binding agreements between people (or companies);
– Law of Torts: wrongs committed by one individual against another individual’s person, property or reputation;
– Law of Trusts: arrangements whereby a person administers property for another person’s benefit rather than his own Land Law;
– Probate Law: arrangements for dealing with property after the owner’s death;
– Family Law.
The main categories of public law are:
– Criminal Law: wrongs which, even when committed against an individual, are considered to harm the well-being of society in general;
– Constitutional Law: regulation of how the law operates and of the relation between private citizen and government;
– International Law: regulation of relations between governments and also between private citizens of one country and those of another.

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English law textbooks often describe a contract as an 1_______ which is made between two or more 2_______ and which is binding in law. In order to be binding in law the agreement must include an 3_______ and an acceptance of that offer. The parties must agree to contract on certain terms, that is, they must know what are they agreeing to (but they need not know that their agreement can be described in law as a contract). They must have intended to be legally bound: there would be no contract if, for example, they were just joking when they 4_______ the agreement. And valuable consideration must have been given by the person to whom a promise was made. In this case, consideration is a legal word to describe something a person has given, or done, or agreed not to do, when making the contract.