Вопрос № 1072364 - Английский язык

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The government of the Soviet Union was to ensure that the plans were fulfilled. Responsibility for production flowed from the top down. At the national level, some seventy government ministries and state committees, each responsible for a production sector or subsector, supervised the economic production activities of enterprises and farms. Regional ministerial bodies reported to the ministries and controlled economic units in their respective geographical areas. The government established prices for all goods and services based on the role of the product in the plan and on other non-economic criteria.
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                                                 Planned Economies
1. Planned economies are sometimes called «command economies» because the state commands the use of resources that are used to produce goods and services as it owns factories, land and natural resources. Planned economies are economies with a large amount of central planning and direction, when the government takes all the decisions; the government decides production and consumption. Planning of this kind is obviously very difficult and the result is that there is no society, which is completely a command economy. The actual system employed varies from state to state, but command or planned economies have a number of common features.
2. Firstly, the state decides precisely what the nation is to produce. It usually plans five years ahead. It is the intention of the planners that there should be enough goods and services for all. Planners are afraid to produce goods and services unless they are sure substantial amounts will be purchased. This leads to delays and queues for some products.
3. Secondly, industries are asked to comply with these plans and each industry and factory is set a production target to meet. If each factory and farm meets its target, then the state will meet its targets as set out in the five-year plans. You could think of the factory and farm targets to be objectives, which, if met, allow the nation's overall aim to be reached.
4. A major problem faced by command or planned economies is that of deciding what to produce. Command economies tend to be slow when responding to changes in people's tastes and fashions. Planners are likely to underproduce some items as they cannot predict changes in demand. Equally, some products, which consumers regard as obsolete and unattractive, may be overproduced.
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Nowadays the economy of Russia is going through a transitional period from the isolated, centrally planned socialist economy to a market and globally-integrated economy. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, except for the energy and defense sectors. The majority of state-owned firms were privatized using “loans-for-shares” scheme. As a result, they were turned over to oligarchs. After the crisis of 1997 and the depreciation of the rouble followed by sharp deterioration in living standards for most of the population, Russia’s economy faced recession. The economy started recovering in 1999, partially because of high export prices on oil and gas which Russia is rich in. The Russian economy, however, was hit by the 2008-09 global economic crisis because oil prices decreased rapidly, and the foreign credits that Russian banks and firms relied on stopped.
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The majority of state-owned firms in Russia were privatized using …

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The USA today is a leading economic power with a high standard of living and high productivity in industry and agriculture. It is one of the most prosperous nations in the world. 60% of all families and individuals are in the middle-income or high-income rank.
The USA remains the world’s leading producer of goods and services, although its superiority is diminishing as other countries become more competitive in the world’s market. Industrial and technological position of the US is very high. The USA is the leading producer of electrical energy, aluminum, copper, and paper, and one of the top producers of natural gas and automobiles. No other nation exports as much high technology as the USA.
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The USA is a leading economic country with a high standard of living and high productivity in …

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22 January, 2009
1_______,
2_______ of January 21, I am pleased to confirm that we are ready to accept your order and do business with your company. We acknowledge receipt of your order No 5478. It is being processed at the moment and will be delivered to you within a week.
We are looking forward to 3_______ with your company. If you require any further information, please do not hesitate to contact us.
4_______,
Anna Black

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1_______
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing in connection with stationery we want to buy. Our company is engaged in professional translation from different languages. 2_______ buying paper of good quality and we also need a wide range of stationery.
I would be much obliged if you could inform us of goods you offer. As we plan to make large orders, the price and discounts (if you have any) are of importance to us. As your company is located far from our office, 3_______ are also essential.
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
4_______,
Peter Limonov