Вопрос № 1072158 - Английский язык

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In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of some semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to the external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much larger than the controlling (input) power, transistors provide amplification of a signal. A transistor is a fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and it is used in radios, telephones, computers and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most of them are found in integrated circuits.
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We are finally ready to apply the knowledge we gained in previous sections about electrons, vacuum 1_________________ and transistors to some practical matters. In the following sections we shall consider a variety of circuits employing electron tubes and transistors. Circuits are 2_________________ of tubes or transistors with other components, such as resistors, capacitors and inductors, and form the 3________________ building blocks of electronic systems: radio, automatic computer and so on. To understand the systems, you must be familiar with the circuits that 4_______________ them up.

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The transistor low cost, flexibility and reliability all these factors combined have made it a ubiquitous device. Transistorized mechatronic circuits have replaced electromechanical devices in controlling appliances and machinery. It is often easier and cheaper to use a standard microcontroller and write a computer programme to carry out a control function than to design an equivalent mechanical control function.
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The two types of transistors (a bipolar transistor and a field-effect transistor) have slight differences in how they are used in the circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals (labelled bases), a collector and an emitter. A small current at base terminal can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labelled gates, sources, and drains, and the voltage at the gate can control the current between the source and the drain.
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From mobile phones to televisions, a great number of products include amplifiers for sound reproduction, radio transmission, and signal processing. The first discrete transistor audio amplifiers barely supplied a few hundred milliwatts, but power and audio fidelity gradually increased as better transistors became available and amplifier architecture evolved.
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In the 1980s programmable integrated circuits were developed. These 1_______ contained circuits which logical functions and connectivity can be programmed by 2_______, rather than being fixed by 3_______ circuit manufacturers. This allows a single chip to be programmed to implement different LSI-type functions such as logic gates, adders, and registers. Current devices named FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) can now implement tens of thousands of LSI circuits in parallel and 4_______ up to 550 MHz.