Вопрос № 1072159 - Английский язык

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Electronics is a new branch of physics, and one that plays an increasingly important part in our lives. It is concerned with the use of electricity to produce signals that carry information and control devices such as computers. These devices contain electric circuits through which electric current flows. The controlling parts in a circuit are called components, and these include diodes and transistors. Components can amplify currents, switch them on and off, or change their direction.
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In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of some semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to the external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much larger than the controlling (input) power, transistors provide amplification of a signal. A transistor is a fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and it is used in radios, telephones, computers and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most of them are found in integrated circuits.
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The two types of transistors (a bipolar transistor and a field-effect transistor) have slight differences in how they are used in the circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals (labelled bases), a collector and an emitter. A small current at base terminal can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labelled gates, sources, and drains, and the voltage at the gate can control the current between the source and the drain.
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From mobile phones to televisions, a great number of products include amplifiers for sound reproduction, radio transmission, and signal processing. The first discrete transistor audio amplifiers barely supplied a few hundred milliwatts, but power and audio fidelity gradually increased as better transistors became available and amplifier architecture evolved.
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In the 1980s programmable integrated circuits were developed. These 1_______ contained circuits which logical functions and connectivity can be programmed by 2_______, rather than being fixed by 3_______ circuit manufacturers. This allows a single chip to be programmed to implement different LSI-type functions such as logic gates, adders, and registers. Current devices named FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) can now implement tens of thousands of LSI circuits in parallel and 4_______ up to 550 MHz.

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A lot of the computer systems in use today are embedded in other 1_______, such as automobiles (a car has as many as 30 or more microcontrollers), telephones, washing machines, microwave ovens, appliances, and peripherals for computer systems. They are called embedded systems. While some embedded 2_______ are very sophisticated, many of them have minimal requirements for memory and program length, with no operating system, and low software complexity. Typical input and output 3_______ include switches, relays, solenoids, LEDs, small or custom LCD displays, radio frequency devices, and sensors for data such as temperature, humidity, light level, etc. Embedded systems usually have no keyboards, screens, disks, printers, or other recognizable devices of any 4_______ computer.