Прочитайте текст. Nowadays the economy of Russia is going through a transitional period from the iso...: ответ на тест 1072365 - Английский язык

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Nowadays the economy of Russia is going through a transitional period from the isolated, centrally planned socialist economy to a market and globally-integrated economy. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, except for the energy and defense sectors. The majority of state-owned firms were privatized using “loans-for-shares” scheme. As a result, they were turned over to oligarchs. After the crisis of 1997 and the depreciation of the rouble followed by sharp deterioration in living standards for most of the population, Russia’s economy faced recession. The economy started recovering in 1999, partially because of high export prices on oil and gas which Russia is rich in. The Russian economy, however, was hit by the 2008-09 global economic crisis because oil prices decreased rapidly, and the foreign credits that Russian banks and firms relied on stopped.
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The majority of state-owned firms in Russia were privatized using …

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                                                    Market Economies
1. In a true market economy the government plays no role in the management of the economy, the government does not intervene in it. The system is based on private enterprise with private ownership of the means of production and private supplies of capital, which can be defined as surplus income available for investment in new business activities. Workers are paid wages by employers according to how skilled they are and how many firms wish to employ them. They spend their wages on the products and services they need. Consumers are willing to spend more on products and services, which are favoured. Firms producing these goods will make more profits and this will persuade more firms to produce these particular goods rather than less favoured ones.
2. Thus, in a market economy consumers decide what is to be produced. Consumers will be willing to pay high prices for products they particularly desire. Firms, which are privately owned, see the opportunity of increased profits and produce the new fashionable and favoured products.
3. Such a system is, at first view, very attractive. The economy adjusts automatically to meet changing demands. No planners have to be employed, which allows more resources to be available for production. Firms tend to be highly competitive in such an environment. New advanced products and low prices are good ways to increase sales and profits. Since all firms are privately owned they try to make the largest profits possible.
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In what way do changing demands affect production in a market economy?

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The USA today is a leading economic power with a high standard of living and high productivity in industry and agriculture. It is one of the most prosperous nations in the world. 60% of all families and individuals are in the middle-income or high-income rank.
The USA remains the world’s leading producer of goods and services, although its superiority is diminishing as other countries become more competitive in the world’s market. Industrial and technological position of the US is very high. The USA is the leading producer of electrical energy, aluminum, copper, and paper, and one of the top producers of natural gas and automobiles. No other nation exports as much high technology as the USA.
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The USA is a leading economic country with a high standard of living and high productivity in …

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22 January, 2009
1_______,
2_______ of January 21, I am pleased to confirm that we are ready to accept your order and do business with your company. We acknowledge receipt of your order No 5478. It is being processed at the moment and will be delivered to you within a week.
We are looking forward to 3_______ with your company. If you require any further information, please do not hesitate to contact us.
4_______,
Anna Black

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1_______
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing in connection with stationery we want to buy. Our company is engaged in professional translation from different languages. 2_______ buying paper of good quality and we also need a wide range of stationery.
I would be much obliged if you could inform us of goods you offer. As we plan to make large orders, the price and discounts (if you have any) are of importance to us. As your company is located far from our office, 3_______ are also essential.
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
4_______,
Peter Limonov

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1_______
2_______,
Thank you for the letter of 7 October. We appreciate your interest in our company production and I am pleased to send you the information you requested.
We can offer you paper of high quality produced in Helsinki. It includes newsprint, text paper, and computer printing paper. Price is 180 roubles a ream; with the purchase of six or more reams, the price is reduced to 120 roubles.
We also sell a wide range of stationery such as various kinds of pens, pencils, notebooks, folders, rubbers, paper clips, staplers and many others. We have enclosed for your consideration 3_______.
As for delivery, it is free.
Please do not hesitate to contact me if you need any further information. I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely,
4_______
Sales Manager