Вопрос № 1072592 - Английский язык

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A microcontroller (also microcontroller unit, MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit consisting of a relatively simple CPU combined with support functions such as a crystal oscillator, timers, a watchdog, etc. Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on the chip, as well as typically small, read/write memory.
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What memories are included on the chip?

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What is ROM?
Memory is the system of component of the computer in which information is stored. There are two types of computer memory: RAM and ROM.
RAM (random access memory) is the volatile computer memory, used for creating, loading, and running programs and for manipulating and temporarily storing data;
ROM (read only memory) is nonvolatile, nonmodifiable computer memory, used to hold programmed instructions to the system.
The more memory you have in your computer, the more operations you can perform.

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Microcontroller architectures vary widely. Some designs include general-purpose microprocessor cores, with one or more ROM, RAM functions integrated into the package. Other designs are built to control applications. A microcontroller usually has many instructions intended to make control programmes more compact. For example, a general purpose processor might require several instructions to test a bit in the register, if the bit is set, the microcontroller could have a single instruction to provide the required functions.
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What do many instructions of a microcontroller intend to?

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A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to the list of instructions. Although mechanical examples of computers have existed throughout the history, the first computers, resembling a modern computer, were developed in the mid – 20th century (1940–1945). The first electronic computers were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers.

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The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators. The Church-Turing thesis is: any computer with a certain minimum capability is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore, computers ranging from a personal digital assistant to a supercomputer are all able to perform the same computational tasks, given enough time and storage capacity.

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Modern computers based on tiny integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into a wristwatch, and can be powered by a watch battery. Personal computer in their various forms are icons of the Information Age, what most people think of as a “computer”, but the embedded computers found in devices ranging from fighter aircrafts to industrial robots, digital cameras, and children’s toys are the most numerous.